编译|未玖

SCIENCE, 30 OCT 2025, VOL 390, ISSUE 6772

《科学》2025年10月30日，第390卷，6772期

材料科学 Materials Science

Electron accumulation across the perovskite layer enhances tandem solar cells with textured silicon

钙钛矿层上的电子积累提升了织构硅叠层太阳能电池

▲ 作者：OUSSAMA ER-RAJI, CHRISTOPH MESSMER, RAKESH R. PRADHAN, OLIVER FISCHER, VLADYSLAV HNAPOVSKYI, SOFIIA KOSAR, ET AL.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adx1745

▲摘要：

降低载流子输运损失、提高选择性和最小化非辐射复合是提高钙钛矿/硅叠层太阳能电池效率和稳定性的关键。

研究组使用了一种与工业标准织构硅兼容的混合两步钙钛矿沉积方法，结合基于1,3-二氨基丙烷二氢碘化物的钙钛矿表面处理。该分子与钙钛矿表面的相互作用增加了电子选择性接触处的大部分载流子浓度，从而减少了界面重组。

同时，这种场效应钝化增加了整个本征钙钛矿吸收体的电子浓度，从而提高了电导率并降低了输运损失。研究组将二者结合，制备了高性能、全织构的钙钛矿/硅叠层太阳能电池，实现了33.1%的单太阳AM1.5G转换效率，开路电压为2.01伏，并在红海海岸测试中提升了户外稳定性。

▲ Abstract：

Reducing charge carrier transport losses, improving selectivity, and minimizing nonradiative recombination are essential for enhancing the efficiency and stability of perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. We used a hybrid two-step perovskite deposition method that is compatible with industry-standard textured silicon, incorporating a perovskite surface treatment based on 1,3-diaminopropane dihydroiodide. The interaction of this molecule with the perovskite surface increased the majority charge carrier concentration at the electron-selective contact, which reduced interfacial recombination. Simultaneously, this field-effect passivation increased the electron concentration across the entire intrinsic perovskite absorber, which increased conductivity and reduced transport losses. Combined, this yields high-performance, fully textured perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells, achieving a 1-sun AM1.5G conversion efficiency of 33.1% with an open-circuit voltage of 2.01 volts and an extended outdoor stability in the Red Sea Coast.

Glycolysis-compatible urethanases for polyurethane recycling

糖酵解相容氨基甲酸酯酶助力聚氨酯回收

▲ 作者：YANCHUN CHEN, JINYUAN SUN, KELUN SHI, TONG ZHU, RUIFENG LI, RUIQIAO LI, ET AL.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adw4487

▲摘要：

热固性聚氨酯的交联结构和化学稳定的氨基甲酸酯键阻碍了其回收。虽然化学酶法颇具潜力，但已知的氨基甲酸酯酶在工业糖酵解条件下仍效率低下。

研究组提出了GRASE，即基于图神经网络（GNN）的最佳活性和稳定酶推荐系统。GRASE是一个基于GNN的框架，集成了自我监督和监督学习，以识别高效、糖酵解兼容的氨基甲酸酯酶。其中，AbPURase在6M二甘醇中表现出比此前已知酶高两个数量级的活性，能够在8小时内实现公斤级商用聚氨酯的几乎完全解聚。

结构分析表明，紧密堆积的疏水核心和脯氨酸稳定的盖环可能保证了AbPURase在严苛溶剂环境中的稳定性和效率。这项工作强调了深度学习如何加速具有工业潜力的生物催化剂的发现，并解决了聚氨酯回收中的一个关键障碍。

▲ Abstract：

Recycling thermoset polyurethanes is hindered by their cross-linked structures and chemically stable urethane bonds. Although chemo-enzymatic approaches offer promise, known urethanases remain inefficient under industrial glycolysis conditions. Here, we present GRASE [graph neural network (GNN)–based recommendation of active and stable enzymes], a GNN-based framework that integrates self-supervised and supervised learning to identify efficient, glycolysis-compatible urethanases. Among these, AbPURase exhibited two orders of magnitude greater activity than previously known enzymes in 6 molar diethylene glycol, enabling near-complete depolymerization of commercial polyurethane at kilogram scale within 8 hours. Structural analysis revealed that a tightly packed hydrophobic core and proline-stabilized lid loop may confer AbPURase’s stability and efficiency in harsh solvents. This work highlights how deep learning accelerates the discovery of biocatalysts with industrial potential and addresses a critical barrier in polyurethane recycling.

化学 Chemistry

Conversion of syngas into olefins with high hydrogen atom economy

高氢原子经济性合成气制备烯烃

▲ 作者：CHANG GAO, WENLONG SONG, HUIQIU WANG, XIAO CHEN, CHAOJIE CUI, WANGSHU HAO, ET AL.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aea0774

▲摘要：

在合成气制烯烃的过程中，低氢原子经济性（HAE，即烃产物中反应物氢的比例）由水副产物中的氢损失引起。

研究组报道了一种钠改性FeC_x@Fe₃O₄核壳催化剂，整合水煤气转换（WGS）与合成气制烯烃（STO），将水原位转化为氢气。HAE高达66~83%，超过了甲醇制烯烃（MTO，上限50%）。

同时获得了约95%的一氧化碳转化率和＞75%的烯烃选择性。

研究组通过氧化氘同位素示踪和阻断WGS途径验证了整合机制，并定量评价了WGS的贡献。这些结果表明，通过降低氢与一氧化碳的比例，减少WGS反应中的蒸汽消耗，降低二氧化碳和废水的总排放量，有望实现可持续的STO工艺，具有潜在的工业化潜力。

▲ Abstract：

In synthesizing olefins from syngas, low hydrogen atom economy (HAE), the fraction of reactant hydrogen in the hydrocarbon product, arises from hydrogen loss in water by-product. We report a sodium-modified FeC_x@Fe₃O₄ core-shell catalyst coupling water-gas shift (WGS) with syngas-to-olefins (STO) to convert water into hydrogen in situ. HAE reaches about 66 to 83%, exceeding that of methanol-to-olefins (MTO, 50% upper limit). The approximately 95% carbon monoxide conversion and >75% olefin selectivity were simultaneously obtained. The coupling effect was validated by isotope tracing with deuterium oxide and blocking the WGS pathway, and the contribution of WGS was quantitatively evaluated. These results, using lower hydrogen to carbon monoxide ratios, implied that reducing steam consumption in the WGS reaction and reducing the overall output of carbon dioxide and wastewater enabled a sustainable STO process for potential industrialization.

Trace-level halogen blocks CO₂ emission in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis for olefins production

痕量卤素阻断了费托合成烯烃生产中的二氧化碳排放

▲ 作者：YI CAI, MAOLIN WANG, SHU ZHAO, XI LIU, JUNZHONG XIE, XING-WU LIU, ET AL.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aea1655

▲摘要：

通过费托合成工艺从合成气（一氧化碳和氢气）中可持续生产燃料和烯烃，需要具有高选择性、高工业生产率和最低二氧化碳排放的催化剂。目前的工业铁基催化剂产生大量的二氧化碳副产物，限制了碳利用效率。

研究组报告称，在原料气中引入痕量[百万分之一（ppm）级]的含卤化合物可使铁基催化剂抑制二氧化碳的形成，提高烯烃相对于石蜡的选择性和烯烃的生产率。在碳化铁催化剂上共投料20ppm的溴甲烷，使所有含碳产物的二氧化碳选择性降低到<1%，烯烃选择性提高至约85%。

表面结合的卤素调节了催化剂的表面结构，选择性抑制了导致二氧化碳生成和烯烃加氢的路径。该策略为碳高效合成气转化提供了一条简单、可扩展且通用的路径。

▲ Abstract：

Sustainable production of fuels and olefins from syngas (carbon monoxide and hydrogen) through the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process requires catalysts that deliver high selectivity, industrial productivity, and minimal carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. Current industrial iron catalysts form substantial CO₂ by-product that limits carbon efficiency. We report that introducing trace amounts [parts per million (ppm) level] of halogen-containing compounds into the feed gas can suppress CO₂ formation using iron-based catalysts and boost olefin selectivity over paraffin and olefin productivity. Cofeeding 20 ppm bromomethane over an iron carbide catalyst decreased CO₂ selectivity to <1% and increased olefin selectivity to ~85% among all carbon-containing products. Surface-bound halogens modulated the catalyst surface structure and selectively inhibited pathways responsible for CO₂ generation and olefin hydrogenation. This strategy provides a simple, scalable, and broadly applicable route for carbon-efficient syngas conversion.

动物学Zoology

Chimpanzees rationally revise their beliefs

黑猩猩会理性修正自己的信念

▲ 作者：HANNA SCHLEIHAUF, EMILY M. SANFORD, BILL D. THOMPSON, SNOW ZHANG, JOSHUA RUKUNDO, JOSEP CALL, ET AL.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq5229

▲摘要：

根据新证据选择性地修正信念被认为是人类理性思维的标志之一。然而，在其他物种中缺乏这种能力的测试。

课题组研究了黑猩猩在面对相互矛盾的证据时，是否以及如何更新它们对奖励位置的最初信念。黑猩猩对反证的反应可通过理性信念修正的形式化模型来预测：当支持另一种信念的证据较弱时，它们仍然坚持最初信念，但当支持证据较强时，它们会修正最初信念。

结果表明，这种信念修正模式通过证据的显性表征和权衡来实现。综上所述，这些发现表明黑猩猩在反思过程中会对相互矛盾的证据进行元认知层面的评估。

▲ Abstract：

The selective revision of beliefs in light of new evidence has been considered one of the hallmarks of human-level rationality. However, tests of this ability in other species are lacking. We examined whether and how chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) update their initial belief about the location of a reward in response to conflicting evidence. Chimpanzees responded to counterevidence in ways predicted by a formal model of rational belief revision: They remained committed to their initial belief when the evidence supporting the alternative belief was weaker, but they revised their initial belief when the supporting evidence was stronger. Results suggest that this pattern of belief revision was guided by the explicit representation and weighing of evidence. Taken together, these findings indicate that chimpanzees metacognitively evaluate conflicting pieces of evidence within a reflective process.