Science, 9 OCT 2025, VOL 390, ISSUE 6769

《科学》2025年10月9日，第390卷，6769期

物理学Physics

Wavefront shaping enables high-power multimode fiber amplifier with output focus

波前整形实现具有输出聚焦的高功率多模光纤放大器

▲ 作者：STEFAN ROTHE, CHUN-WEI CHEN, PEYMAN AHMADI, KYEOREH LEE, KABISH WISAL, MERT ERCAN, ET AL.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ady2226

▲摘要：高功率光纤激光器是用于科学、工业和国防的强大工具。单频光纤激光放大器进一步放大功率的主要障碍是受激布里渊散射。学界已努力减轻这种非线性过程，但大多局限于具有良好光束质量的单模或少模光纤放大器。

研究组探索了一种高度多模光纤放大器，通过大光纤芯降低光强，多模激发拓宽布里渊散射谱，受激布里渊散射得到了极大的抑制。将空间波前整形技术应用于非线性放大器的输入光，可将输出光束聚焦到衍射极限光斑上。

该多模光纤放大器可在高功率、高效率和窄线宽下工作，确保了高相干性。光波前整形可以实现多模激光放大的相干控制，在相干光束组合、大规模干涉测量和定向能量传输方面具有应用潜力。

▲ Abstract：High-power fiber lasers are powerful tools used in science, industry, and defense. A major roadblock for further power scaling of single-frequency fiber laser amplifiers is stimulated Brillouin scattering. Efforts have been made to mitigate this nonlinear process, but these were mostly limited to single-mode or few-mode fiber amplifiers, which have good beam quality. Here, we explored a highly multimode fiber amplifier in which stimulated Brillouin scattering was greatly suppressed due to a reduction of light intensity in a large fiber core and a broadening of the Brillouin scattering spectrum by multimode excitation. By applying a spatial wavefront shaping technique to the input light of a nonlinear amplifier, the output beam was focused to a diffraction-limited spot. Our multimode fiber amplifier can operate at high power with high efficiency and narrow linewidth, which ensures high coherence. Optical wavefront shaping enables coherent control of multimode laser amplification, with potential applications in coherent beam combining, large-scale interferometry and directed energy delivery.

Photo-induced nonvolatile rewritable ferroaxial switching

光致非易失性可重写铁轴开关

▲ 作者：Z. ZENG , M. F?RST, M. FECHNER, D. PRABHAKARAN, P. G. RADAELLI AND A. CAVALLERI 

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adz5230

▲摘要：铁相的超快切换是一个具有技术潜力的活跃研究领域。然而，一些关键挑战仍然存在，涵盖从铁磁体的有限速度到铁电体中去极化场导致的切换域内在波动性。

与这些铁性系统不同，铁轴材料具有保持空间反演和时间反演对称性的双稳态，因此不受去极化场的影响，但也难以用传统方法进行操控。

研究组通过设计一个由圆偏振驱动太赫兹声子模组成的有效轴场来证明光诱导的铁轴序切换。一个切换铁轴域可稳定维持数小时，并可用反旋的第二束太赫兹脉冲反转回来。这项工作所展示的效应有望构建一个稳健的超快信息存储平台。

▲ Abstract：Ultrafast switching of ferroic phases is an active research area with technological potential. Yet, some key challenges remain, ranging from limited speeds in ferromagnets to intrinsic volatility of switched domains owing to depolarizing fields in ferroelectrics. Unlike these ferroic systems, ferroaxial materials host bistable states that preserve spatial-inversion and time-reversal symmetry and are therefore immune to depolarizing fields but also difficult to manipulate with conventional methods. We demonstrate photo-induced switching of ferroaxial order by engineering an effective axial field composed of circularly driven terahertz phonon modes. A switched ferroaxial domain remains stable for many hours and can be reversed back with a second terahertz pulse of opposite helicity. The effects demonstrated in this work may lead to the development of a robust platform for ultrafast information storage.

材料科学Materials Science

Anion sublattice design enables superionic conductivity in crystalline oxyhalides

阴离子亚晶格设计实现晶体卤氧化物超离子导体

▲ 作者：FEIPENG ZHAO, SHUMIN ZHANG, SHUO WANG, JOEL W. REID, WEI XIA, JUE LIU, ET AL.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adt9678

▲ 摘要：固态电池因其固有安全性而成为吸引人的储能系统，但其发展取决于先进的固态电解质（SSEs）。大多数SSE在很大程度上仍局限于单阴离子体系（例如，硫化物、氧化物、卤化物和聚合物）。

通过混合阴离子设计策略，研究组开发了晶体Li₃Ta₃O₄Cl₁₀（LTOC）及其衍生物，具有优异的离子电导率（在25℃时高达13.7毫西门子/厘米）和电化学稳定性。

LTOC结构具有由共享顶点氧原子和末端氯原子组成的混合阴离子螺旋链，可诱导形成具有低能垒的连续“四面体-四面体”锂离子迁移路径。

此外，LTOC具有整体阴极兼容性，使固态电池能够在4.9伏特（vs. Li/Li⁺）电压和低至-50℃的低温下稳定运行。该发现描述了一类可用于高性能固态电池的颇有前景的超离子导体。

▲ Abstract：Solid-state batteries are attractive energy storage systems as a result of their inherent safety, but their development hinges on advanced solid-state electrolytes (SSEs). Most SSEs remain largely confined to single-anion systems (e.g., sulfides, oxides, halides, and polymers). Through mixed-anion design strategy, we develop crystalline Li₃Ta₃O₄Cl₁₀ (LTOC) and its derivatives with excellent ionic conductivities (up to 13.7 millisiemens per centimeter at 25°C) and electrochemical stability. The LTOC structure features mixed-anion spiral chains, consisting of corner-shared oxygen and terminal chlorine atoms, which induces continuous “tetrahedron-tetrahedron” Li-ion migration pathways with low energy barriers. Additionally, LTOC demonstrates holistic cathode compatibility, enabling solid-state batteries operation at 4.9 volts versus Li/Li⁺ and low temperature, down to ?50°C. These findings describe a promising class of superionic conductors for high-performance solid-state batteries.

地球科学Earth Science

Tropical forest carbon offsets deliver partial gains amid persistent over-crediting

在持续过度碳信贷中，热带森林的碳抵消带来了部分气候效益

▲ 作者：YUZHI TANG, CHAO YANG, HAISHAN WU, ZIHAO XU, LINLIN TAN, WEI TU, ET AL.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adw4094

▲ 摘要：REDD+（减少毁林和森林退化所致排放量及另外活动）项目产生碳信用额来抵消排放，但最近的研究对其有效性提出了质疑。

研究组使用综合控制方法评估了12个热带国家的52个自愿性REDD+项目。只有少数项目单位的森林砍伐在统计上显著减少，只有19%的项目单位达到了申报排放目标。

尽管如此，许多表现不佳的项目仍产生了部分气候效益，估计有13.2%的可交易碳信用得到了反事实分析的支持。项目效果因地区而异，巴西和非洲的表现更优。尽管系统性的超量碳信贷仍有待解决，但研究结果表明，气候效益优于此前评估。

改进基线方法和加强核查框架对于提高森林碳抵消项目的可信度和影响至关重要。

▲ Abstract：REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation Plus) projects generate carbon credits to offset emissions, but recent studies have questioned their effectiveness. We evaluated 52 voluntary REDD+ projects across 12 tropical countries using synthetic control methods. Only a minority of project units showed statistically significant reductions in deforestation, and just 19% met their reported emissions targets. Nonetheless, many underperforming projects still delivered partial climate benefits, with an estimated 13.2% of tradable credits supported by counterfactual analysis. Effectiveness varied by region, with stronger performance in Brazil and Africa. Although systematic over-crediting remains a concern, our results suggest greater climate benefits than previous assessments. Improving baseline methodologies and strengthening verification frameworks will be essential for enhancing the credibility and impact of forest carbon offsets.

植物学Botany

SALICYLIC ACID SENSOR1 reveals the propagation of an SA hormone surge during plant pathogen advance

水杨酸传感器1揭示植物病原体进展过程中SA激素激增的传播

▲ 作者：BIJUN TANG, JING LU, HANA LEONTOVY?OVá, GESA HOFFMANN, JAMES H. ROWE, SACHA FOUQUAY O’DONNELL, ET AL.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adw7650

▲ 摘要：水杨酸（SA）是一种关键植物激素，可调控针对包括丁香假单胞菌等病原体的免疫反应。SA积累的时间和程度受到植物的精确控制，但可被病原体抑制以降低免疫力。

由于现有检测方法存在间接性、破坏性、缺乏细胞精度和时间分辨率等局限性，在高时空分辨率下解析SA动力学仍颇具挑战性。

研究组开发了SalicS1，这是一种针对SA的基因编码荧光共振能量转移（FRET）生物传感器。SalicS1能够实时、可逆地监测体内SA水平，对内源性信号的干扰最小。研究组揭示了从细菌感染位点传播的SA激增的时空保真度。SalicS1有助于精确理解作物对病原体抗性的SA动力学。

▲ Abstract：Salicylic acid (SA) is a key phytohormone that orchestrates immune responses against pathogens, including Pseudomonas syringae bacteria. The timing and extent of SA accumulation are tightly controlled by plants but can be suppressed by pathogens to overcome immunity. Understanding SA dynamics at high spatiotemporal resolution remains challenging owing to limitations in existing detection methods that are indirect, destructive, or lacking in cellular precision and temporal resolution. We developed SalicS1, a genetically encoded fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensor specific to SA. SalicS1 enables real-time, reversible monitoring of SA levels in vivo with minimal perturbation of endogenous signaling. We reveal the propagation of an SA surge spreading from bacterial infection sites with spatiotemporal fidelity. SalicS1 unlocks precise understanding of SA dynamics underpinning crop resilience to pathogens.

动物学Zoology

Greater noctule bats prey on and consume passerines in flight

大夜行蝙蝠捕食飞行中的雀形目鸟类

▲ 作者：L. STIDSHOLT, E. TENA, I. FOSKOLOS, J. NOGUERAS, I. DE LA HERA, S. SáNCHEZ-NAVARRO, ET AL.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr2475

▲摘要：尽管数十亿只雀形目鸟类夜间在高空进行季节性迁徙，但人们仅发现三种蝙蝠在持续利用这一丰富的猎物资源。然而，尚不清楚这些蝙蝠在何处以及如何定位、捕捉和吞食相对较大的雀形目猎物。

研究组使用高分辨率生物标记来揭示硕棕蝠可飞升到高空，进行长时间的回声引导追逐，并在飞行中捕食迁徙的雀形目鸟类。

这些捕食者通过超声波回声定位、长时间追逐和空中捕食等专属感官通道，可在高空捕食夜间迁徙的雀形目鸟类，从而独享大多数捕食者无法获得的丰富食物资源。

▲ Abstract：Despite billions of passerines seasonally migrating during the night at high altitudes, only three bat species have been found to consistently tap into this rich prey resource. However, it remains unknown where and how these bats locate, catch, and ingest relatively large passerine prey. Here, we used high-resolution biologging tags to reveal that greater noctule bats (Nyctalus lasiopterus) ascend to high altitudes, engage in long echo-guided chases, and consume migrating passerines in flight. By using a private sensory channel through ultrasonic echolocation, prolonged chasing, and mid-air prey consumption, these predators can hunt nocturnally migrating passerines at high altitudes and therefore exploit a rich food resource that remains largely inaccessible to most predators.