编译｜冯维维

SCIENCE,  9 JUL 2026, VOLUME 393, ISSUE 6807

《科学》，2026年7月9日，第393卷，6807期

生命科学Life Science

Roots navigate around decay regions by sensing local pH gradients

根系通过感知局部pH梯度绕开腐烂区域

▲ 作者：ZHULATAI BAO, HUIHUI WANG, AI ZHANG, RUXI GAO, WEN GU, NI FAN, JI?í FRIML, AND YUZHOU ZHANG

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adw6568

▲摘要：

生物腐烂在土壤中普遍存在，对养分循环具有重要意义。然而，腐烂过程也可能滋生病原菌和腐败微生物。植物能否感知并避开腐烂物质，此前尚不清楚。

研究者发现，植物根系能够感知分解过程中产生的酸性环境。他们将这种由腐烂引起的根系弯曲行为称为“腐向性”，这是植物对主要由真菌分解的植物源有机质的一种特异性响应。腐烂诱导的酸性pH信号被转化为植物激素脱落酸的不对称分布，进而引起微管重排和根系弯曲。

▲ Abstract：

Biological decay is widespread in soil and is important for nutrient recycling. However, it can also harbor pathogenic and spoilage microbes. Whether plants can sense and evade decaying matter has not been well understood. Bao et al. found that plant roots can sense the acidic environment resulting from decomposition. Root bending in response to the decay, which the authors refer to as “saprotropism,” is a specific response to plant-derived organic matter being broken down primarily by fungi. The decay-induced acidic pH cue is converted into an asymmetric distribution of the phytohormone abscisic acid, leading to microtubule reorganization and root bending.

The origin, history, and resistance architecture of an invasive urban malaria mosquito in Africa

非洲一种入侵性城市疟疾蚊虫的起源、历史与抗性结构

▲ 作者：TRISTAN P. W. DENNIS, JIHAD ELTAHER SULIEMAN, MUJAHID NOUREDAYEM, TEMESGEN ASHINE, YEHENEW EBSTIE, ADANE EYASU, EBA A. SIMMA, ENDALEW ZEMENE, NIGATU NEGASH, AND DAVID WEETMAN

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adx6925

▲摘要：

疟疾媒介蚊种——斯氏按蚊入侵非洲，因其偏好城市环境而引发警惕。疟疾传统上在农村地区更为严重，而城市疟疾暴露的增加可能会逆转公共卫生部门控制该疾病的努力。为查明斯氏按蚊的起源及其杀虫剂抗性机制，研究者对来自非洲之角、也门以及该蚊种的原生分布区（中东和南亚）的共计645只个体蚊虫进行了基因组测序。

研究结果表明，最接近阿富汗和巴基斯坦种群的支系可能是经由吉布提港口进入非洲，随后向外扩散。杀虫剂抗性很可能通过基因拷贝数增加而非单一位点突变介导，这一发现对控制斯氏按蚊种群的策略具有重要指导意义。

▲ Abstract：

The invasion of the malaria vector mosquito Anopheles stephensi into Africa has raised alarms because of its urban preference. Traditionally worse in rural areas, increased urban malarial exposure threatens to undo public health efforts to control the disease. To determine the origins of An. stephensi and its insecticide resistance, Dennis et al. sequenced 645 individual mosquitoes across the Horn of Africa and Yemen, as well as across its native range, the Middle East and South Asia. Their results suggest that a lineage closest to Afghanistan and Pakistan populations entered through the port of Djibouti and subsequently dispersed. Insecticide resistance is likely mediated through increased gene copy number rather than single mutations, which is important knowledge for efforts to control An. stephensi populations.

物理学Physics

A phase microscope for quantum gases

量子气体的相位显微镜

▲ 作者：J. C. BRüGGENJüRGEN, M. S. FISCHER, AND C. WEITENBERG

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adt1712

▲摘要：

相干性是量子系统的核心属性，也是超导等现象的基础。这项研究在热相变过程中，对二维光学晶格中的超冷玻色气体的相干性进行了研究。

为推断相位相干性和相位涨落分布，研究者利用了高阶塔尔博特复现的直接物质波成像，并引入了一种相位显微镜，该显微镜基于物质波成像过程中将相位涨落映射为密度涨落的位点分辨技术。

研究者观察到了超流相中相位关联的代数衰减，以及指数随温度的线性增加。这些技术有望以完全空间分辨的方式研究强关联量子体系中的相干性。

▲ Abstract：

Coherence properties are central to quantum systems and are at the heart of phenomena such as superconductivity. In this work, we studied coherence properties of an ultracold Bose gas in a two-dimensional optical lattice across the thermal phase transition. To infer the phase coherence and phase fluctuation profiles, we used direct matter-wave imaging of higher Talbot revivals and introduced a phase microscope based on a site-resolved mapping of phase fluctuations to density fluctuations during matter-wave imaging. We observed the algebraic decay of the phase correlations in the superfluid phase and a linear temperature increase of the exponent. These techniques may enable studying coherence properties in strongly correlated quantum systems with full spatial resolution.

Long-range extended chains arising from polymerization-driven spontaneous assembly

聚合驱动自发组装形成长程扩展链

▲ 作者：MIN CHEN, DONGYANG WANG, YE ZOU, CHANGSHENG CHEN, XIXIAN YANG, LIXIN NIU, JIN WANG, LUCAS Q. FLAGG, AND JIANGUO MEI, etc.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aef1777

▲摘要：

共轭聚合物面临的一个核心挑战是在保持溶液可加工性的同时实现长程有序，这对于匹配晶体无机半导体材料的电学性能至关重要。研究表明，n型掺杂的聚苯并二呋喃二酮（n-PBDF）能够发生聚合驱动的自发组装，在此过程中链增长、化学掺杂和结构有序内在耦合，从而形成数百纳米尺度的长程链扩展。

研究表明，自发形成的n-PBDF纳米带源于一种自引发、收敛生长的机制，该机制由单体—聚合物协同相互作用驱动，并通过质子耦合的双链和聚合物本身固有的聚电解质特性得以稳定。凭借纳米带中长程扩展的链结构，取向排列的n-PBDF薄膜表现出金属级别的电导率（>10? S/cm）。

▲ Abstract：

A central challenge for conjugated polymers is to achieve long-range order while remaining solution processable, which is essential for matching the electrical performance of their counterparts of crystalline inorganic semiconductors. In this work, we show that n-doped poly(benzodifurandione) (n-PBDF) can undergo polymerization-driven spontaneous assembly (PSA), in which chain growth, chemical doping, and structural ordering are intrinsically coupled, yielding long-range chain extension over hundreds of nanometers. We reveal that the spontaneously formed n-PBDF nanoribbons arise from a self-initiated, convergent growth mechanism driven by cooperative monomer-polymer interactions and stabilized by proton-coupled duplex chains and the polymer’s intrinsic polyelectrolyte character. With long-range extended chains in the nanoribbons, the aligned n-PBDF thin films demonstrate metallic-level conductivity (>104 siemens per centimeter).

化学Chemistry

Transient assembly of precision-tuned platinum-skin intermetallic catalysts for fuel cells

用于燃料电池的精密调控铂皮金属间化合物催化剂的瞬态组装

▲ 作者：JIA DING, TAO ZHANG, WANQING SONG, ZEZHOU LI, XIN WANG, XINYI YANG, JIAHUI FENG, MING WEN, YANAN CHEN AND WENBIN HU

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aeg2036

▲摘要：

核壳结构的金属间化合物纳米晶是一类重要的高性能催化剂，然而传统热力学合成方法步骤繁琐且结构精度有限。研究者开发了一种基于快速热脉冲的策略，能够在数秒内合成具有铂皮层的Pt-过渡金属核壳金属间化合物纳米晶库。

通过对Pt-Fe体系的研究，研究表明早期脉冲会引发Fe损失并生成高能中间体，而后续脉冲则驱动有序化和原子精度的铂皮层形成。所得的三层铂皮的Pt-Fe金属间化合物催化剂在燃料电池中展现出丰富的应变增强活性位点、高氧还原活性和出色的耐久性。

▲ Abstract：

Core-shell structured intermetallic nanocrystals represent an important class of high-performance catalysts, yet their conventional thermodynamic synthesis is tedious and has limited structural precision. Ding et al. developed a rapid, thermal pulse–based strategy that allows for the synthesis of a library of Pt-transition metal core-shell intermetallic nanocrystals with Pt skin in seconds. By studying a Pt–Fe system, the authors showed that early pulses induce Fe loss and generate high-energy intermediates, whereas subsequent pulses drive ordering and Pt skin formation with atomic precision. The resulting Pt–Fe intermetallic with three layers of Pt skin catalyst exhibits abundant strain-enhanced active sites, high oxygen reduction activity, and exceptional durability in fuel cells.

机器人学Robotics

Leaping out of the water: Aerial-aquatic locomotion with flapping wings

跃出水面：扑翼实现的水空两栖运动

▲ 作者：RAPHAEL ZUFFEREY, SIMON L. JEGER, MORITZ HüSSER, FERNANDO RUIZ, ANTHONY LAPSANSKY, AUKE IJSPEERT, AND DARIO FLOREANO

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aeb6744

▲摘要：

翼推进潜水鸟类通过扑翼在空气和水中运动，但由于难以获取原位数据，人们对使这种行为成为可能的翅膀形态和运动学特性仍知之甚少。扑翼频率、翼展尺寸和刚度对两种介质中运动及其过渡的影响仍是未知的。

研究者将潜水鸟类的数据与使用扑翼机器人——具备飞行、游泳、俯冲潜水和出水能力的机器人实验进行了对比。结果表明，频率适配、柔性翅膀和强劲驱动使得无需折叠翅膀或腿部即可实现无缝过渡；大翼展可增强飞行能力而不会显著降低水下效率；尾部—身体距离和出水角度影响出水过程。这些结果阐明了鸟类（以及机器人）如何平衡多流体运动的约束条件。

▲ Abstract：

Wing-propelled diving birds flap their wings to move through air and water, yet the wing morphology and kinematics that enable this behavior remain poorly understood because of the difficulty of collecting in situ data. The impact of flapping frequency, wing size, and stiffness on locomotion in—and transition between—the two media are still unknown. We compared data from diving birds against experiments using a flapping-wing robot capable of flying, swimming, plunge diving, and exiting the water. We show that frequency adaptation, flexible wings, and powerful actuation enable seamless transitions without folding wings or legs, that large wings enhance flight without substantially reducing underwater efficiency, and that tail-body distance and egress angle affect water exit. These results clarify how birds (and robots) balance multifluid locomotion constraints.