编译|冯维维

Science, 18 JUN 2026,VOLUME 392,ISSUE 6804

《科学》2026年6月18日，第392卷，6804期

生命科学Life Science

Lamprey 3D single-cell transcriptomics reveals ancestral and specialized features of the vertebrate brain

七鳃鳗3D单细胞转录组学揭示脊椎动物大脑的祖先特征与特化特征

▲ 作者：HAIXU WU, DUOYUAN CHEN, JUN LI, TAO ZHOU, ZHENKUN ZHUANG, ZHIWEI NIU, ZEYU DU, YONGJIE CHEN, SHUNQIN CHUAN , AND BING SU

▲ 链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aea2535

▲ 摘要：

无颌脊椎动物七鳃鳗的大脑相对简单，了解其工作原理可能为脊椎动物大脑进化提供宝贵见解。研究者结合单核RNA测序和空间转录组学技术，构建了成年七鳃鳗大脑的三维图谱。

他们鉴定出209个在分子和空间上不同的细胞簇，并比较了8个物种的单细胞数据以及5个物种的空间转录组数据。

研究发现，不同物种之间存在区域保守性，而细胞层面则表现出谱系特异性分化。总体而言，该数据集揭示了脊椎动物大脑进化与多样化的基本原理。

▲ Abstract：

The jawless vertebrate lamprey has a relatively simple brain, and understanding how it works could unveil valuable insights into brain evolution in vertebrates. Wu et al. combined single-nucleus RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics to produce a three-dimensional atlas of the adult lamprey’s brain. The authors identified 209 molecular and spatially distinct cell clusters and compared single-cell data for eight species and spatial transcriptomics for five species. They found regional conservation among species and lineage-specific divergence at the cellular level. Overall, the dataset revealed principles of brain evolution and diversification in vertebrates.

Brain-wide topographic coordination of rotating waves

全脑范围旋转波的地形协调

▲ 作者：ZHIWEN YE, ALEXANDER E. LADD, NANCY MACKENZIE, LJUVICA KOLICH, ANNA J. LI, DANIEL BIRMAN, MATTHEW S. BULL, TANYA L. DAIGLE, BOSILJKA TASIC, AND NICHOLAS A. STEINMETZ

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adx1369

▲摘要：

大脑活动波（传播波）已在多种物种中被观察到。鉴于其普遍性和幅度，有假说认为这些波可能在脑中发挥重要作用，但其功能仍有待阐明。研究者使用宽场钙成像研究了小鼠新皮质中的传播波。

传播波与相连皮层下结构中尖峰活动的募集同时发生，并且两个半球之间的协调良好。感觉皮质中局部轴突的排列遵循传播波的形状。这些结果为探究传播波的机制及其功能开辟了新的研究方向。

▲ Abstract：

Waves of brain activity (traveling waves) have been observed in many species. Given their prevalence and magnitude, it has been hypothesized that these waves likely play an important role in the brain. However, their functions remain to be elucidated. Ye et al. used wide-field calcium imaging to study traveling waves in the mouse neocortex. Traveling waves coincided with the recruitment of spiking activity in connected subcortical structures and were well coordinated between the two hemispheres. The arrangement of local axons in the sensory cortex followed the shape of the traveling waves. These results open new avenues of inquiry into the mechanisms underlying traveling waves and their function.

Age and early life adversity shape heterogeneity of the epigenome across tissues in macaques

年龄和早期生活逆境塑造猕猴各组织表观基因组的异质性

▲ 作者：BAPTISTE SADOUGHI, RACHEL M. PETERSEN, SAM K. PATTERSON, ELIZABETH SLIKAS, CHRISTINE ADJANGBA, NICHOLAS RYAN, CHRISTINA E. COSTA, LAURA E. NEWMAN, MARINA M. WATOWICH, AND AMANDA J. LEA

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aea4922

▲摘要：

衰老和应激源都会影响DNA甲基化等表观遗传标记。然而，考虑到自然变异和组织间的差异，这些效应可能难以厘清。研究者检测了一群恒河猴多个组织中的DNA甲基化。

他们发现，早期生活逆境往往在多个组织中影响相同的遗传位点，尽管个体逆境来源影响的位点不同；而衰老效应则更具异质性。

尽管逆境相关变化和衰老效应影响的重叠基因组靶点相同，但逆境相关变化并不符合“加速衰老”的模式，这表明衰老和逆境即使作用于相同的生物学过程，也很可能产生不同但相互交叉的效应。

▲ Abstract：

Both aging and stressors are known to affect epigenetic marks such as DNA methylation. However, given natural variation and differences between tissues, these effects can be difficult to disentangle. Sadoughi et al. examined DNA methylation across tissues in a group of rhesus macaques from Cayo Santiago, a semi–free-ranging island population occasionally culled to prevent overpopulation. They found that early life adversity often affected the same genetic sites across tissues despite individual sources of adversity affecting different sites, whereas aging effects were more heterogenous. Even though they affected overlapping genomic targets, adversity-related changes were not consistent with “accelerated aging,” suggesting that aging and adversity are likely to have distinct and intersecting effects even on the same biological processes.

Decoupling of global metabolic flux and proteome partitioning in bacteria

细菌中全局代谢通量与蛋白质组分配的解耦

▲ 作者：RYAN THIERMANN, JIN YANG, ANIKET ZODAGE, FUKANG SHE, DANNY K. FUNG, TAYLOR RYTLEWSKI, FARSHAD ABDOLLAH-NIA, FANGZHOU XIAO, JOHN T. SAULS,, AND SUCKJOON JUN

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aeb6410

▲摘要：

当细菌细胞响应环境变化和胁迫时，它们需要平衡代谢通量与由核糖体丰度决定的翻译能力。

尽管已知大肠杆菌通过调控分子鸟苷四磷酸和五磷酸来耦合代谢通量和蛋白质组组成，但研究者发现，在枯草芽孢杆菌等其他细菌中，这两个过程并不一定耦合。

在胁迫条件下，枯草芽孢杆菌利用鸟苷三磷酸作为调控因子来控制氨基酸通量，而无需改变核糖体的丰度。研究者探讨了这种不同调控策略可能带来的进化或生物学优势。

▲ Abstract：

As bacterial cells respond to their surroundings and stresses, they balance metabolic flux (the flow of metabolites through metabolic pathways) with translational capacity as determined by the abundance of ribosomes. Although Escherichia coli cells are known to couple metabolic flux and proteome composition through the regulatory molecules guanosine tetra- and pentaphosphate, Thiermann et al. found that in other bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis, the two processes are not necessarily coupled. Under stress, B. subtilis uses guanosine triphosphate as the regulatory factor to control amino acid flux without altering the abundance of ribosomes. The authors consider potential evolutionary or biological advantages to the distinct regulatory strategies.

化学Chemistry

Scalable fabrication of COF membranes for aliphatic/aromatic separation of crude oil

可规模化制备的用于原油中脂肪族/芳香族化合物分离的COF膜

▲ 作者：LI CAO, SHUHAO AN, BINGBING YUAN, ZHEN LI, VASILIOS G. SAMARAS, TING XU, XIXIANG ZHANG, HUABIN ZHANG, AND ZHIPING LAI

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aea0869

▲摘要：

原油的分馏通常通过蒸馏完成，这是一个能源密集型的工艺。利用膜技术更高效地分馏原油一直是长期追求的目标。研究者开发了共价有机框架（COF）膜，旨在从原油中选择性分离脂肪族烃。

这些COF具有大孔，可通过在孔内表面功能化修饰甲基、丁基和己基等脂肪族基团来调节其性能。

将三种修饰后的COF堆叠组合，可精细调控选择性。作者在连续工艺中实现了膜制备的规模化放大，并证明了这些膜在分离阿拉伯轻质原油时具有高效性和高渗透通量。

▲ Abstract：

Fractionation of crude oil is typically accomplished using distillation, which is an energy-intensive process, and using membranes to fractionate crude oil more efficiently has been a longstanding goal. Cao et al. developed covalent organic framework (COF) membranes designed for the selective separation of aliphatic hydrocarbons from crude oil. The COFs have large pores that can be modified by functionalizing the interior surface with aliphatic species consisting of methyl, butyl, and hexyl groups. Stacking of these three modified COFs tunes the selectivity. The authors scaled up the fabrication of the membranes in a continuous process and demonstrated that they were efficient at separating Arabian Light crude oil with high permeance.

物理学Physics

Strain-induced fully coherent triphase nanoarchitecture in refractory high-entropy alloys

应变诱导的难熔高熵合金中完全共格三相纳米结构

▲ 作者：YU ZHANG, ZHIQIAO LI, JIN XIE, XIAOJUN ZHAO, HOUWEN CHEN, YUNZHI WANG, AND JIAN-FENG NIE

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aec4995

▲摘要：

将晶粒尺寸减小到100纳米以下可以增强金属和合金的强度。当晶粒尺寸进一步减小至接近10纳米时，性能可继续提升，但目前制备这类合金的方法尚无法实现规模化。研究者以含有等原子比铪、铌、钽、钛和锆的高熵合金为起始材料。

通过应变诱导的相分离及随后的非常规结构转变，该合金形成了由不同成分的体心立方、面心立方和密排六方纳米晶周期性排列的结构。这种“共格”三相微观结构显著提升了力学性能。

▲ Abstract：

The decrease of grain sizes to below 100 nanometers can result in strengthening of metals and alloys. Properties can continue to improve as the grain size is reduced toward 10 nanometers, but the methods for making these alloys are not scalable. Zhang et al. started with a high-entropy alloy containing equal atomic amounts of hafnium, niobium, tantalum, titanium, and zirconium.Through strain-induced phase separation followed by unusual structural transformations, the alloy forms periodic arrangements of body-centered cubic (BCC), face-centered cubic (FCC), and hexagonal close-packed (HCP) nanocrystals of different compositions. This “coherent” three-phase microstructure leads to enhanced mechanical.