Nature,  6 November 2025,Volume 647 Issue 8088

《自然》，2025年11月6日，第647卷，8088期

物理学Physics

A tweezer array with 6,100 highly coherent atomic qubits

包含6100个高相干性原子量子比特的光学镊子阵列

▲ 作者：Hannah J. Manetsch, Gyohei Nomura, Elie Bataille, Xudong Lv, Kon H. Leung & Manuel Endres 

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09641-4

▲摘要：光学镊子阵列已经变革了原子和分子物理学，目前成为量子计算、模拟和计量学领域一系列前沿实验的核心技术。典型的实验囚禁数十到数百个原子量子比特，并且最近实现了约1000个原子的系统，但这些系统尚未定义量子比特或演示相干控制。

然而，将系统扩展到数千个具有长相干时间、低损耗和高保真度成像的原子量子比特，是一个突出的挑战，并且对于量子科学的进步，特别是迈向量子纠错至关重要。

研究者通过实验实现了一个光学镊子阵列，在约12000个位点中囚禁了超过6100个中性原子，同时在支撑该平台成功的关键几个指标上，同时超越了现有技术的性能。

研究表明，实现拥有数千至数万个物理量子比特的通用量子计算和量子纠错可能是一个近期的前景。

▲ Abstract：Optical tweezer arrays have transformed atomic and molecular physics, now forming the backbone for a range of leading experiments in quantum computing, simulation and metrology. Typical experiments trap tens to hundreds of atomic qubits and, recently, systems with around 1,000 atoms were realized without defining qubits or demonstrating coherent control. However, scaling to thousands of atomic qubits with long coherence times and low-loss and high-fidelity imaging is an outstanding challenge and critical for progress in quantum science, particularly towards quantum error correction (QEC). Here we experimentally realize an array of optical tweezers trapping more than 6,100 neutral atoms in around 12,000 sites, simultaneously surpassing state-of-the-art performance for several metrics that underpin the success of the platform. Our results, along with recent developments, indicate that universal quantum computing and QEC with thousands to tens of thousands of physical qubits could be a near-term prospect.

Many-body interference in kagome crystals

笼目晶体中的多体干涉效应

▲ 作者：：Chunyu Guo (Mark), Kaize Wang, Ling Zhang, Carsten Putzke, Dong Chen, Maarten R. van Delft, Steffen Wiedmann, Fedor F. Balakirev, Ross D. McDonald, Martin Gutierrez-Amigo, Manex Alkorta, Ion Errea, Maia G. Vergniory, Takashi Oka, Roderich Moessner, Mark H. Fischer, Titus Neupert, Claudia Felser & Philip J. W. Moll 

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09659-8

▲摘要：当金属中的电子集体运动时，会产生超越单个粒子行为的新奇现象和电子功能。迄今为止，相干的集体电荷运动主要是在超导体中观测到的，其源于库珀对的形成。

研究报道了在笼目金属CsV?Sb?的正常态中存在相干电荷传输的实验证据，这表明了一种独特的集体电子态。其标志是在面内磁场作用下，介观晶柱中产生的一系列磁阻振荡，其周期性由穿过相邻笼目层之间的磁通量子数h/e决定——这有效地构成了一个层间阿哈罗诺夫-玻姆干涉仪。

该现象的协作性质通过以下特征得到证明：以离散振荡频率间突变为特征的非解析角度依赖性，以及其在超过单粒子平均自由程的长度尺度上依然持续存在。值得注意的是，振荡幅度与CsV?Sb?中报道的其他异常电子响应相匹配，指向了一种建立内禀相干性的潜在机制。

这些发现为理解笼目金属中关联序的争议本质提供了新视角，并将CsV?Sb?确立为一个在无超导条件下实现长程相干电荷传输的平台——这为超越传统模型的关联电子系统中的相干性研究开辟了新方向。

▲ Abstract：When electrons in metals act collectively, they enable emergent phenomena and electronic functionalities that transcend the behaviour of individual particles. Coherent collective charge motion has so far been observed primarily in superconductors, in which it arises with the formation of Cooper pairs. Here we report experimental evidence for coherent charge transport in the normal state of the kagome metal CsV3Sb5, indicative of a distinct collective electronic state. The signature is a set of magnetoresistance oscillations in mesoscopic crystalline pillars under in-plane magnetic fields, with a periodicity determined by the number of magnetic flux quanta h/e threading between adjacent kagome layers—effectively forming an interlayer Aharonov–Bohm interferometer. The cooperative nature of this phenomenon is evidenced by a non-analytic angular dependence characterized by abrupt transitions between discrete oscillation frequencies and its persistence over length scales that exceed the single-particle mean free path. Notably, the oscillation amplitude matches other anomalous electronic responses reported in CsV3Sb5, pointing to an underlying mechanism that establishes intrinsic coherence. These findings shed new light on the debated nature of correlated order in kagome metals and establish CsV3Sb5, as a platform for realizing long-range coherent charge transport in the absence of superconductivity—opening new directions for coherence in correlated electron systems beyond conventional models.

Dispersion-engineered multipass optical parametric amplification

色散调控的多通光学参量放大技术

▲ 作者：Jan H. N?gele, Tobias Steinle, Johann Thannheimer, Philipp Flad & Harald Giessen 

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09665-w

▲摘要：由于放大带宽、效率与增益之间存在固有矛盾，极短激光脉冲（低于100飞秒）的放大是一项基础性挑战。传统方法依赖包含预处理与后处理步骤的复杂光学系统。

光学参量放大虽能提供随非线性介质长度缩放的高光学增益，却以牺牲带宽为代价，这限制了其对极短且本征宽带的超短脉冲的放大效果——这类脉冲的放大需要宽增益带宽、高单通增益及强非线性相互作用的同时实现。

研究提出了一种新型多通光学参量放大系统，通过采用色散调控的介质镜，将激光重复聚焦至非线性增益晶体。该涂层能在每步多通后同步补偿群延迟，并抑制闲频波从而避免反向转换。此方案实现了相较于单通放大1500倍的增益，光子转换效率高达81%（系统转换效率52%），且放大脉冲的时间-带宽积接近傅里叶极限，同时完全保持了空间光束质量。

该设计突破了增益与带宽的制约壁垒，在41分贝增益下实现了12太赫兹的带宽。由于该方案无需特定增益介质，其具备通用性，可广泛应用于量子技术、阿秒物理、材料加工及超宽带低成本生物成像系统等领域的超快激光系统，且器件尺寸可控制在个位数立方厘米量级。

▲ Abstract：The amplification of extremely short laser pulses (under 100?fs) presents a fundamental challenge due to the trade-off between amplification bandwidth, efficiency and gain. Conventional methods rely on complex optical set-ups with preprocessing and postprocessing steps. Optical parametric amplification3 offers a high optical gain that scales with the length of the nonlinear medium at the expense of bandwidth, limiting its effectiveness for extremely short and intrinsically broadband ultrashort pulses, whose amplification requires a broad gain–bandwidth, high single-pass gain and simultaneously strong nonlinear interaction. Here we introduce a new multipass4 optical parametric amplification system that leverages dispersion-engineered dielectric mirrors to repeatedly focus the laser into a nonlinear gain crystal. The coatings simultaneously compensate for the group delay after each multipass step and suppress the idler wave and, therefore, backconversion. This approach achieves ×1,500 higher gain compared with single-pass amplification, a photon conversion efficiency of up to 81% (52% system conversion efficiency) and near Fourier-limited time–bandwidth products of the amplified pulses, while fully preserving the spatial beam quality. Our concept breaks the gain versus bandwidth barrier and achieves 12?THz at 41?dB gain. As our concept does not require specific gain materials, it is versatile and broadly applicable to ultrafast6 laser systems in quantum technologies, attosecond physics, material processing and ultrabroadband low-cost bio-imaging systems. Our concept offers device sizes in the single-digit cubic centimetre range.

环境

Environment

Technological pathways for cost-effective steel decarbonization

具有成本效益的钢铁脱碳技术路径

▲ 作者：Xinyi Wu, Jing Meng, Xi Liang, Laixiang Sun, D’Maris Coffman, Andreas Kontoleon & Dabo Guan 

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09658-9

▲摘要：钢铁行业是国家净零努力的核心，但其减排难度依然很高。鉴于工厂的异质性和经济约束，现有的脱碳路线图难以为单个工厂的技术选择提供指导。研究通过整合两个全球工厂级数据集和预测的技术成本，开发了一个模型，旨在为全球每个工厂确定符合国家碳中和目标的最低成本技术路径。

在短期（2030年前），提高能效和废钢再利用是最经济的脱碳策略，预计可分别减少全球累计二氧化碳排放78亿吨和72亿吨，平均成本分别为-8.5美元/吨CO₂^?1和0.3美元/吨CO₂^?1。在长期（2030年后），熔融还原配合碳捕集技术有望变得技术成熟且经济可行，可在中国工厂实现约60亿吨的二氧化碳减排，成本在7-15美元/吨CO₂^?1之间；在日本、韩国和欧洲的工厂，成本则在26-75美元/吨CO₂^?1之间。2040年后，基于绿氢的炼钢工艺预计将在欧洲工厂贡献额外的3亿吨二氧化碳减排，成本在27-44美元/吨CO₂^?1之间。

研究量身定制了针对具体工厂的最低成本技术路径，协调了利益相关者的经济利益与气候目标，从而形成了可操作的脱碳战略，并为全球净零目标提供了支持。

▲ Abstract：The iron and steel sector is central to national net-zero efforts but remains hard to abate1,2. Existing decarbonization roadmaps fail to guide technology choices for individual plants, given their heterogeneity and economic constraints3,4,5. Here, by integrating two global plant-level datasets and forecasted technology costs, we develop a model to identify the least-cost technology pathway for each plant worldwide in alignment with national carbon-neutrality targets. In the short term (pre-2030), energy efficiency improvements and scrap reuse are the cheapest decarbonization strategies, reducing cumulative global carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions by 7.8?Gt and 7.2?Gt at average costs of –US$8.5?tCO₂^?1 and US$0.3?tCO₂^?1, respectively. In the long term (after 2030), smelt reduction with carbon capture is expected to become technically mature and economically viable, achieving approximately 6.0?Gt of CO₂ reductions at costs of US$7–15?tCO₂^?1 in Chinese plants and US$26–75?tCO₂^?1 in plants across Japan, Korea and Europe. After 2040, green-hydrogen-based steelmaking is estimated to contribute an additional 0.3?Gt of CO₂ abatement in European plants at costs of US$27–44?tCO₂^?1. This study tailors plant-specific least-cost technology pathways that reconcile stakeholders’ economic interests with climate objectives, enabling actionable decarbonization strategies and supporting global net-zero targets.

Ocean warming threatens the viability of 60% of Antarctic ice shelves

海洋变暖威胁着60%南极冰架的存续能力

▲ 作者：C. Burgard, N. C. Jourdain, C. Mosbeux, J. Caillet, P. Mathiot & C. Kittel 

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09657-w

▲摘要：冰架，即南极冰盖抑制冰流向海洋的浮动前缘的消失，将极大加速南极对海平面上升的贡献。它们在变暖世界中的存续问题引发了大量研究，这些研究主要关注变暖大气的影响。本研究以整体性方式重新审视了冰架存续能力的概念，同时考虑了大气和海洋导致的质量损失，以估算冰架在何时将几乎无法维持其现有形态。

研究表明，在全球变暖远低于2℃的情景下，到2300年，64个冰架中仅有1个很可能变得无法存续。而在全球变暖到2300年接近12℃的情景下，一旦全球变暖超过4.5℃，许多冰架将变得无法存续，这主要归因于海洋诱发融化量的增加。

到2150年和2300年，分别有26个和38个冰架很可能变得无法存续。受这38个冰架制约的冰盖区域若全部消融，代表着高达10米的海平面上升潜力。研究者估算达到非存续状态的最晚界限，冰架崩塌可能更早发生，特别是由于与水力压裂的协同作用。

▲ Abstract：The disappearance of ice shelves, the floating margins of the Antarctic ice sheet that restrain the ice flow into the ocean, would strongly accelerate the Antarctic contribution to sea-level rise. Their viability in a warming world has motivated substantial work that focuses on the influence of the warming atmosphere. Here we revisit the concept of ice-shelf viability in a holistic manner, taking into account mass loss due to both the atmosphere and the ocean to estimate when it becomes almost impossible for the ice shelves to maintain their present-day shape. We show that for a scenario in which global warming remains largely below 2?°C, only 1 out of 64 ice shelves will become likely non-viable by 2300. For a scenario in which global warming reaches nearly 12?°C by 2300, many ice shelves become non-viable once global warming exceeds 4.5?°C, loss that is mainly due to an increase in ocean-induced melt. By 2150 and 2300, 26 and 38 ice shelves, respectively, become likely non-viable. Loss of ice-sheet regions restrained by these 38 ice shelves represent a sea-level rise potential of 10?m. Our estimates are latest bounds for reaching non-viability, and ice-shelf collapse could occur even earlier, in particular owing to the synergy with hydrofracturing.

Oxidative potential of atmospheric particles in Europe and exposure scenarios

欧洲大气颗粒物的氧化潜能及暴露情景分析

▲ 作者：Cécile Tassel, Jean-Luc Jaffrezo, Pamela Dominutti, Kaspar R. Daellenbach, Sophie Darfeuil, Rhabira Elazzouzi, Paolo Laj, Anouk Marsal, Takoua Mhadhbi, Vy Ngoc Thuy Dinh, Céline Voiron, Stephan Houdier, Marc Durif, Mélodie Chatain, Florie Francony, Julie Cozic, Guillaume Salque Moreton, Meryll Le Quilleuc, Véronique Ghersi, Grégory Gille, Boualem Mesbah, Evdokia Stratigou, Manuela Zublena, Henri Diémoz, Ga?lle Uzu Show authors

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09666-9

▲ 摘要：大气颗粒物是全球关注的公共健康问题，目前主要依据其质量浓度进行监管。然而，人们日益认识到质量浓度可能无法完全反映与健康影响相关的颗粒物物理化学特性。研究利用一个包含近11,500个氧化潜能（OP）测量值的数据集，这些数据来自欧洲部分地区的43个地点，并采用两种最常用的OP测定方法（OPAA和OPDTT）及标准化协议进行分析。

研究者发现欧洲各地OP存在高度的空间变异性，且受站点类型（如城市或乡村）的强烈影响。在考虑PM质量浓度的同时纳入OP指标表明，城市空气质量可能需要进一步的改善，尤其是在道路附近——该处PM10的体积氧化潜能超出背景水平2.4至3.1倍（具体倍数取决于所使用的测定方法）。

对减排策略的分析显示，交通是有效降低城市OP的关键目标源，而要同时达到世界卫生组织的质量浓度指导值，则需要对交通和生物质燃烧产生的PM进行全面减排。关于OP健康影响的流行病学证据仍在不断发展，研究结果可能有助于为未来工作的解读提供参考。

▲ Abstract：Atmospheric particulate matter (PM), a public health concern worldwide, is at present regulated according to its mass concentration1. However, it is increasingly thought that mass concentration may not fully capture the physicochemical properties of PM linked to its health impact2. Consequently, it has been suggested to further investigate the adequacy of this metric as an unequivocal indicator of PM health effects. The new European regulation on air quality introduced oxidative potential (OP) as a recommended parameter to be monitored at supersites, to explore further deciphering information about PM reactivity and health impacts. Here we use a database of almost 11,500 OP measurements from 43 locations across parts of Europe that were analysed with the two most commonly used OP assays, OPAA and OPDTT, with a standardized protocol. We find high spatial variability of OP across Europe, strongly influenced by site type, such as urban or rural. Accounting for OP alongside PM mass suggests that further improvements in urban air quality may require consideration, particularly near roads, where volumetric OP of PM10 exceeds background levels by a factor of 2.4 to 3.1, depending on the assay used. Analysis of mitigation strategies shows that traffic is a key source to target for effectively reducing OP in cities, whereas comprehensive reductions in PM from both traffic and biomass burning are required to also meet World Health Organization mass guidelines. Although the epidemiological evidence for OP health impacts is still evolving, our findings may help inform the interpretation of future work.