编译|李言

 Science, 6 Nov 2025, VOL 390, ISSUE 6773 

《科学》2025年11月6日，第390卷，6773期 

 生物学Biology   

Adipogenin promotes the development of lipid droplets by binding a dodecameric seipin complex 

脂肪生成素通过结合十二聚体seipin复合物促进脂滴发育    

▲ 作者：Chao Li, Xue-Nan Sun et al.

▲链接：

 https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr9755 

 ▲ 摘要： 微蛋白脂肪生成素（Adig）主要在脂肪组织中表达。研究者发现Adig可与seipin相互作用形成稳定的刚性复合体。 

研究者解析了分辨率为3.0埃的seipin-Adig复合体结构，发现哺乳动物seipin可组装成两种不同寡聚形态：十一聚体和十二聚体。Adig选择性结合十二聚体形式，通过桥接并稳定相邻亚基来增强seipin组装。 

功能上，该复合体在脂滴形成的早期和晚期阶段均能促进其发育。在转基因小鼠中，脂肪细胞特异性过表达Adig可增加脂肪量并扩大脂滴，而敲除Adig则会破坏棕色脂肪组织中的甘油三酯积累。因此，Adig可以通过与seipin的结构和功能相互作用来调节脂质储存。 

▲ Abstract： The microprotein adipogenin (Adig) is predominantly expressed in adipose tissues. Here, we found that Adig interacts with seipin to form a stable, rigid complex. We present the structure of the seipin-Adig complex at an overall resolution of ~3.0 angstroms. The structure revealed that mammalian seipin assembles into two distinct oligomeric forms: undecamers and dodecamers. Adig selectively bound to the dodecameric form and enhanced seipin assembly by bridging and stabilizing adjacent subunits. Functionally, this complex promoted lipid droplet development at both early and late stages. In transgenic mice, adipocyte-specific overexpression of Adig increased fat mass and enlarged lipid droplets, whereas Adig deletion disrupted triglyceride accumulation in brown adipose tissues. Thus, Adig can modulate lipid storage through its structural and functional interactions with seipin.    

Direct targeting and regulation of RNA polymerase II by cell signaling kinases 

细胞信号激酶对RNA聚合酶II的直接靶向与调控    

▲ 作者：Preeti Dabas, Meritxell B. Cutrona et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ads7152 

▲ 摘要： 在基因转录的不同阶段，RNA聚合酶II（Pol II）羧基末端结构域（CTD）会被赋予不同的磷酸化标记。这些磷酸化CTD标记如同分子识别密码，负责招募阶段特异性的效应蛋白。 

通过对约80%人类激酶组进行系统性筛选，研究者鉴定出117种能对CTD进行高位置选择性磷酸化的激酶。这些激酶的共同特征在于它们能选择性调控信号响应基因处的Pol II。 

表皮生长因子受体（EGFR）作为细胞表面受体酪氨酸激酶，正是这种“直接作用于基因”的Pol II调控模式的典型例证。更广泛而言，研究者的CTD激酶图谱表明，Pol II是信号转导激酶的直接调控终点——这些激酶不仅调控细胞生理活动，更与多种疾病的发生机制密切相关。 

▲ Abstract： Distinct phosphorylation marks are placed on the carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) during different stages of gene transcription. These phospho-CTD marks function as a molecular recognition code for the recruitment of stage-specific effector proteins. Querying ~80% of the human kinome, we identified 117 kinases that phosphorylate the CTD with a high degree of positional selectivity. The unifying characteristic linking these diverse kinases is that they selectively regulate Pol II at signal-responsive genes. An example of such"direct-at-gene" Pol II regulation is displayed by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a cell surface receptor tyrosine kinase. More broadly, our atlas of CTD kinases implicates Pol II as a direct regulatory end point for signal-transducing kinases that govern cellular physiology and contribute to the etiology of numerous diseases.    

 材料科学Material Sciences   

Strengthening Ni alloys with nanoscale interfaces of negative excess energy 

利用负过剩能的纳米尺度界面强化镍合金    

▲ 作者：J. X. Li, Z. H. Jin et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aea4299 

▲摘要：纳米晶与纳米孪晶金属的强度受限于其晶界或孪晶界在特征尺度（通常约10纳米）以下的内在不稳定性。

通过实验与密度泛函理论计算，研究者发现在过饱和Ni(Mo)固溶体中，具有负过剩能的面心立方—六方最密堆积相干界面比孪晶界更具稳定性。这种负过剩能界面可在Ni(Mo)固溶体中实现极高密度分布（平均间距约1纳米），从而有效抑制塑性变形，使材料强度逼近理论极限。 

实测结果表明，Ni(Mo)合金的杨氏模量随界面密度显著提升，最高达254.5吉帕，明显高于同成分金属玻璃与金属间化合物（Ni₃Mo）的模量值。 

▲ Abstract： The strength of nanograined and nanotwinned metals is limited by the inherent instability of grain or twin boundaries below a length scale of typically about 10 nanometers. From experimental and density functional theory calculations, we found that the coherent interfaces between face-centered-cubic and hexagonal-close-packing lattices with a negative excess energy were more stable than twin boundaries in supersaturated Ni(Mo) solution. The negative excess-energy interface can be produced at extremely high density in Ni(Mo) solution with average spacing as small as about 1 nanometer, which inhibits plastic deformation and elevates the strength close to the theoretical value of the alloys. The measured Young’s modulus of the Ni(Mo) alloys increases obviously with the interface density, reaching 254.5 gigapascals, well above that of the same compositional metallic glass and intermetallic compound (Ni₃Mo).    

 生态学Ecology 

Extreme warming of Amazon waters in a changing climate 

气候变化背景下亚马孙水域的极端升温    

▲ 作者：Ayan Santos Fleischmann, Fabrice Papa et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr4029 

▲摘要：2023年，一场前所未有的干旱与热浪严重影响了亚马孙水域，导致鱼类和河豚大规模死亡。在监测的10个湖泊中，有5个出现异常高的白天水温（超过37℃），其中一个大湖在整个约2米深的水体中温度高达41℃，昼夜温差达13℃。模型分析表明，强太阳辐射、水位下降、风速减弱及水体浑浊是造成高温的主要驱动因素。

根据1990年至2023年该区域湖泊的卫星估算数据，这种极端升温现象与长期存在的每十年0.6℃的升温趋势相吻合。随着气候持续变化，接近或超过水生生物耐热极限的水温状况，在热带水域系统中很可能将变得更为普遍。

▲ Abstract： In 2023, an unprecedented drought and heat wave severely affected Amazon waters, leading to high mortality of fishes and river dolphins. Five of 10 lakes monitored had exceptionally high daytime water temperatures (over 37°C), with one large lake reaching up to 41°C in the entire approximately 2-meter-deep water column and up to 13°C of diel variation. Modeling showed that high solar radiation, reduced water depth and wind speed, and turbid waters were the main drivers of the high temperatures. This extreme heating of Amazon waters follows a long-term increase of 0.6°C/decade revealed by satellite estimates across the region’s lakes between 1990 and 2023. With ongoing climate change, temperatures that approach or exceed thermal tolerances for aquatic life are likely to become more common in tropical aquatic systems.    

 地球科学Earth Science   

Shear-induced bubble nucleation in magmas 

岩浆中的剪切诱导气泡成核    

▲ 作者：Olivier Roche, Jean-Michel Andanson et al.

▲链接：

 https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adw8543 

▲摘要：岩浆中气泡的成核作用是控制火山喷发动力的关键因素。这项研究中，研究者聚焦于火山环境中普遍存在的、由黏性剪切作用触发的挥发性饱和液体成核过程。

通过结合实验室试验、理论分析和数值模拟，研究者探究了在挥发性过饱和液体中，机械剪切能量促进气体分子核形成与生长的条件。

研究结果表明，成核所需的临界剪切应力随挥发性过饱和度的增加而降低。对自然体系进行的量纲分析显示，剪切诱变成核很可能发生在火山通道中，这一发现对岩浆脱气过程和喷发模式具有重要启示。

▲ Abstract： The nucleation of gas bubbles in magmas is fundamental to controlling the dynamics of volcanic eruptions. In this study, we addressed nucleation in a volatile-saturated liquid triggered by viscous shear, which is ubiquitous in volcanic environments. By combining laboratory experiments, theoretical analysis, and numerical simulations, we investigated the conditions under which the mechanical energy associated with shearing favors the formation and growth of gas molecule nuclei in a liquid supersaturated with volatiles. Our results reveal that the critical shear stress for nucleation decreases as the volatile supersaturation increases. Dimensional analysis applied to natural systems shows that shear-induced nucleation is likely to occur in volcanic conduits, which has implications for magma degassing processes and eruptive styles.    

Cosmic dust reveals dynamic shifts in central Arctic sea-ice coverage over the past 30,000 years 

宇宙尘埃揭示过去3万年中北冰洋中部海冰覆盖度的动态变迁    

▲ 作者：Frank J. Pavia, Jesse R. Farmer et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adv5767 

▲摘要：北冰洋海冰消融直接影响生物生产力、沿岸社区生计及地缘政治格局。要准确预测这些影响，需要从机制层面理解北极海冰对气候变化的响应规律，但长期观测记录的匮乏始终是重要制约。

研究者通过测量钍-230和宇宙源氦-3两种同位素，重建了北冰洋连续3万年的海冰覆盖变化史——这两种同位素的埋藏比率会随海冰覆盖度发生规律性变化。研究者发现，末次盛冰期的北冰洋中部曾被永久性海冰覆盖。

约1.5万年前的冰消期开始出现海冰退缩，至温暖的早全新世演变为季节性海冰覆盖，随后在晚全新世再度扩展。海冰变化与生物营养盐消耗量呈现密切关联，这支持了持续海冰消融将导致北冰洋中部出现营养盐匮乏的科学预测。

▲ Abstract： Arctic sea-ice loss affects biological productivity, sustenance in coastal communities, and geopolitics. Forecasting these impacts requires mechanistic understanding of how Arctic sea ice responds to climate change, but this is limited by scarce long-term records. We present continuous 30,000-year reconstructions of sea-ice coverage from the Arctic Ocean based on measurements of two isotopes, thorium-230 and extraterrestrial helium-3, whose burial ratio changes with sea-ice coverage. We found that the central Arctic was perennially covered by sea ice during the last glaciation. Sea-ice cover retreated during the deglaciation approximately 15,000 years ago, culminating in seasonal sea-ice coverage in the warm early Holocene, before ice coverage increased into the late Holocene. Sea-ice changes closely correlate with biological nutrient consumption, supporting projections of a nutrient-starved central Arctic Ocean with continued sea-ice loss.