编译|未玖

Nature, 2 October 2025, Volume 646 Issue 8083

《自然》2025年10月2日，第646卷，8083期

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天文学Astronomy

Stratified wind from a super-Eddington X-ray binary is slower than expected

来自超爱丁顿X射线双星的分层星风速度低于理论预期

▲ 作者：XRISM collaboration

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09495-w

▲摘要：

强引力场中的吸积盘普遍会产生风，在恒星质量X射线双星（黑洞和中子星）和超大质量黑洞的X射线带中表现为蓝移吸收线。一些最强力的风（称为爱丁顿风）预计会产生于辐射压力足以从内盘（L > L_Edd）分离物质的系统中。这些风理应非常快，并携带大量动能，当与超大质量黑洞相关联时，它们将成为连接这些黑洞增长与其宿主星系的反馈机制的主要竞争者。

研究组展示了银河系中子星X射线双星GX 13+1的XRISM Resolve光谱，它揭示了吸收线中有史以来最密集的风之一。这种康普顿厚星风显著衰减了通量，使其看起来很黯淡，尽管其本征亮度上比平常更亮（L > L_Edd）。然而，这种风极其缓慢，与由内盘辐射压力驱动的爱丁顿风的预测相比，更符合由外盘X射线照射引发的热辐射风的模型预测。

这对双星中明亮吸积流星风的起源提出了新约束，但也强调了近期Resolve对一个具有类似高爱丁顿比超大质量黑洞的观测中发现的超快星风（v ~ 0.3c）迥然不同的起源机制。

▲ Abstract：

Accretion disks in strong gravity ubiquitously produce winds, seen as blueshifted absorption lines in the X-ray band of both stellar mass X-ray binaries (black holes and neutron stars) and supermassive black holes. Some of the most powerful winds (termed Eddington winds) are expected to arise from systems in which radiation pressure is sufficient to unbind material from the inner disk (LL_Edd). These winds should be extremely fast and carry a large amount of kinetic power, which, when associated with supermassive black holes, would make them a prime contender for the feedback mechanism linking the growth of those black holes with their host galaxies. Here we show the XRISM Resolve spectrum of the galactic neutron star X-ray binary, GX 13+1, which reveals one of the densest winds ever seen in absorption lines. This Compton-thick wind significantly attenuates the flux, making it appear faint, although it is intrinsically more luminous than usual (LL_Edd). However, the wind is extremely slow, more consistent with the predictions of thermal-radiative winds launched by X-ray irradiation of the outer disk than with the expected Eddington wind driven by radiation pressure from the inner disk. This puts new constraints on the origin of winds from bright accretion flows in binaries, but also highlights the very different origin required for the ultrafast (v ~ 0.3c) winds seen in recent Resolve observations of a supermassive black hole at a similarly high Eddington ratio.

Late fluid flow in a primitive asteroid revealed by Lu–Hf isotopes in Ryugu

“龙宫”Lu-Hf同位素揭示了原始小行星中的晚期流体流动

▲ 作者：Tsuyoshi Iizuka, Takazo Shibuya, Takehito Hayakawa, Tetsuya Yokoyama, Ikshu Gautam, Makiko K. Haba, et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09483-0

▲摘要：

碳质小行星是最原始陨石的来源，代表了外太阳系中冰和尘埃形成的残余星子，可能向类地行星输送挥发物。了解小行星的水蚀变活动是破译其热、化学和轨道演化的关键，对类地行星上水的起源也具有重大意义。对这些天体的分析，特别是从小行星“龙宫”（Ryugu）带回的原始样本，提供了母体形成后几百万年内流体—岩石相互作用的详细信息。然而，人们对小行星水的长期存在形式仍知之甚少。

基于“龙宫”样品的¹⁷⁶Lu-¹⁷⁶Hf衰变系统，研究组提供了一颗碳质小行星形成后超过10亿年的流体流动证据，这反映了晚期的镥动员。这种晚期流体流动可能由撞击引发，撞击产生的热量使冰融化，并打开了岩石裂缝，使流体能够迁移。

这与早期由短寿命放射性衰变驱动的水蚀变活动形成对比，流体流动有限，元素分馏很少。该研究结果表明，由类地行星吸积的碳质星子可能不仅保留了含水矿物，还保留了液态水，这使其输水量增加了2到3倍。

▲ Abstract：

Carbonaceous asteroids are the source of the most primitive meteorites and represent leftover planetesimals that formed from ice and dust in the outer Solar System and may have delivered volatiles to the terrestrial planets. Understanding the aqueous activity of asteroids is key to deciphering their thermal, chemical and orbital evolution, with implications for the origin of water on the terrestrial planets. Analyses of the objects, in particular pristine samples returned from asteroid Ryugu, have provided detailed information on fluid–rock interactions within a few million years after parent-body formation. However, the long-term fate of asteroidal water remains poorly understood. Here we present evidence for fluid flow in a carbonaceous asteroid more than 1 billion years after formation, based on the ¹⁷⁶Lu-¹⁷⁶Hf decay systematics of Ryugu samples, which reflect late lutetium mobilization. Such late fluid flow was probably triggered by an impact that generated heat for ice melting and opened rock fractures for fluid migration. This contrasts the early aqueous activity powered by short-lived radioactive decay, with limited fluid flow and little elemental fractionation. Our results imply that carbonaceous planetesimals accreted by the terrestrial planets could have retained not only hydrous minerals but also aqueous water, leading to an upwards revision of the inventory of their water delivery by a factor of two to three.

物理学Physics

Industry-compatible silicon spin-qubit unit cells exceeding 99% fidelity

工业兼容的硅自旋量子比特单元电池保真度超过99%

▲ 作者：Paul Steinacker, Nard Dumoulin Stuyck, Wee Han Lim, Tuomo Tanttu, MengKe Feng, Santiago Serrano, et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09531-9

▲摘要：

目前正在研究的用于未来量子计算机的诸多类型的量子比特中，单个芯片上具有数百万个量子比特的硅自旋量子比特具有独特的优势，可以实现量子计算。然而，目前尚不清楚，当量子比特在半导体生产线制造时，是否能可靠地再现实验室制造的硅自旋量子比特所表现出的杰出高保真运算和长相干时间。

研究组展示了在300毫米工业生产线环境中使用标准半导体工具制造的硅双量子位器件的精确量子位操作。在关键指标中，所有四个器件的单量子位和双量子位控制保真度均超过99%，状态准备和测量保真度高达99.9%，栅集层析扫描证明了这一点。

研究组报道了自旋寿命和相干时间高达T₁ = 9.5 s、T₂*=40.6 μs、T₂Hahn=1.9 ms。他们确定残余的核自旋携带同位素在很大程度上导致了操作错误，并确定进一步的同位素纯化是获得更高性能的明确途径。

▲ Abstract：

Among the many types of qubit presently being investigated for a future quantum computer, silicon spin qubits with millions of qubits on a single chip are uniquely positioned to enable quantum computing. However, it has not been clear whether the outstanding high-fidelity operations and long coherence times shown by silicon spin qubits fabricated in academic settings can be reliably reproduced when the qubits are manufactured in a semiconductor foundry. Here we show precise qubit operation of silicon two-qubit devices made with standard semiconductor tooling in a 300-mm foundry environment. Of the key metrics, single- and two-qubit control fidelities exceed 99% for all four devices, and the state preparation and measurement fidelities reach up to 99.9%, as evidenced by gate set tomography. We report spin lifetime and coherence up to T₁ = 9.5s, T₂*=40.6 μs and T₂Hahn=1.9 ms. We determine that residual nuclear spin-carrying isotopes contribute substantially to operational errors, identifying further isotopic purification as a clear pathway to even higher performance.

人工智能Artificial Intelligence

Delegation to artificial intelligence can increase dishonest behaviour

委托人工智能可能会增加作弊行为

▲ 作者：Nils Köbis, Zoe Rahwan, Raluca Rilla, Bramantyo Ibrahim Supriyatno, Clara Bersch, Tamer Ajaj, et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09505-x

▲摘要：

虽然人工智能可通过将任务委托给机器来提高生产率，但它可能会促进不道德行为的委托。这种风险与“代理”人工智能系统的迅速崛起密切相关。

研究组通过让人类委托人指导机器代理执行带有作弊动机的任务来证明这种风险。当委托人可以通过监督学习或高级目标设定，在不明确告诉机器该做什么的情况下诱导机器不诚实时，作弊请求就会增加。无论委托是自愿的还是强制性的，这些影响都存在。

研究组还分析了通过自然语言向大语言模型的委托。尽管机器代理的作弊请求并不总是高于对人类代理的请求，但遵从性却大相径庭：机器比人类代理更有可能执行完全不道德的指令。

通过注入禁止性的、针对特定任务的限制，这种遵从性可以得到遏制，但通常不会消除。该研究结果强调了在日益便捷和强大的机器委托背景下的伦理风险，并提出了减轻这些风险的设计和政策策略。

▲ Abstract：

Although artificial intelligence enables productivity gains from delegating tasks to machines, it may facilitate the delegation of unethical behaviour. This risk is highly relevant amid the rapid rise of ‘agentic’ artificial intelligence systems. Here we demonstrate this risk by having human principals instruct machine agents to perform tasks with incentives to cheat. Requests for cheating increased when principals could induce machine dishonesty without telling the machine precisely what to do, through supervised learning or high-level goal setting. These effects held whether delegation was voluntary or mandatory. We also examined delegation via natural language to large language models. Although the cheating requests by principals were not always higher for machine agents than for human agents, compliance diverged sharply: machines were far more likely than human agents to carry out fully unethical instructions. This compliance could be curbed, but usually not eliminated, with the injection of prohibitive, task-specific guardrails. Our results highlight ethical risks in the context of increasingly accessible and powerful machine delegation, and suggest design and policy strategies to mitigate them.

材料科学Materials Science

Toughened self-assembled monolayers for durable perovskite solar cells

增韧自组装单层助力耐用钙钛矿太阳能电池

▲ 作者：Wenlin Jiang, Geping Qu, Xiaofeng Huang, Xia Chen, Linyuan Chi, Tonghui Wang, et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09509-7

▲摘要：

倒置钙钛矿太阳能电池的认证功率转换效率（PCE）高达26.7%，其中空穴选择性自组装单层膜（SAMs）发挥了关键作用。然而，SAM不稳定性往往会影响设备的操作性能，严重阻碍了其实际应用。

研究组采用了一种交联的共SAM来增强空穴选择性SAM对外部应力的构象稳定性，同时抑制自组装过程中SAM中缺陷和空隙的形成。含叠氮化物的SAM可被热激活形成交联和密集组装的共SAM，具有热稳定构象和优先取向。这有效地减少了因热应力下松散SAM摆动引起的基底表面暴露，防止钙钛矿分解。

这实现了最佳性能电池的认证PCE达到26.92%，具备出色的热稳定性，在85℃、1000 h的最大功率点跟踪下，衰减可以忽略不计。在- 40℃和85℃之间进行700次重复热循环后，其仍保留＞98 %的初始PCE，代表了该领域的顶尖技术水平。

这项工作提供了对SAM降解机制的深入理解，以指导采用高粗糙度基底的SAM基器件设计更稳健的埋藏界面，从而实现高效耐用的钙钛矿太阳能电池。

▲ Abstract：

Hole-selective self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) have played a key role in driving the certified power conversion efficiency (PCE) of inverted perovskite solar cells to 26.7%. However, their instability often compromises the operational performance of devices, strongly hindering their practical applications. Here we employ a cross-linkable co-SAM to enhance the conformational stability of hole-selective SAMs against external stresses, while suppressing the formation of defects and voids in SAM during self-assembly. The azide-containing SAM can be thermally activated to form a cross-linked and densely assembled co-SAM with a thermally stable conformation and preferred orientation. This effectively minimizes substrate surface exposure caused by wiggling of loose SAMs under thermal stress, preventing perovskite decomposition. This enables a certified PCE of 26.92% to be achieved for the best-performing cell, which also possesses excellent thermal stability with negligible decay under maximum-power-point tracking at 85°C for 1,000 h. It also retains >98% of initial PCE after 700 repetitive thermal cycles between -40°C and 85°C, representing the state of the art of the field. This work offers an in-depth understanding of SAM degradation mechanisms to guide the design of a more robust buried interface for SAM-based devices adopting high-roughness substrates to realize highly efficient and durable perovskite solar cells.

机械工程Mechanical Engineering

Kirigami-inspired parachutes with programmable reconfiguration

可编程重构的剪纸结构降落伞

▲ 作者：Danick Lamoureux, Jérémi Fillion, Sophie Ramananarivo, Frédérick P. Gosselin & David Melancon

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09515-9

▲摘要：

剪纸艺术实现了通过编程将板材变形成具有特定切割图案的特定方式，赋予其奇异的机械性能和行为。

研究组对圆盘进行编程，使其在流体—结构相互作用下展开时变形为稳定下落的降落伞。传统降落伞造价昂贵，制造工艺复杂，这限制了其在人道主义空投或无人机运送方面的应用。激光在圆盘上切割闭环剪纸图案，可使易于制造的降落伞具有多孔性和灵活性。

通过使用定制的气流诱导重构模型进行风洞测试和数值模拟，研究组开发了一种设计工具来实现剪纸结构降落伞。在这些结果的指导下，他们制作了厘米到米级的降落伞，并在实际条件下进行了测试。结果表明，在低载荷面积比下，剪纸结构降落伞表现出与传统降落伞相当的终端速度。

传统降落伞需要一个滑翔角度来保持垂直稳定性，并且会随意落在远离目标的地方，与此不同，剪纸结构降落伞总是落在目标附近，无论其最初的释放角度如何。这些类型的降落伞可以减少空投过程中的材料损失，并降低制造成本和复杂性。

▲ Abstract：

The art of kirigami allows programming a sheet to deform into a particular manner with a pattern of cuts, endowing it with exotic mechanical properties and behaviours. Here we program discs to deform into stably falling parachutes as they deploy under fluid–structure interaction. Parachutes are expensive and delicate to manufacture, which limits their use for humanitarian airdrops or drone delivery. Laser cutting a closed-loop kirigami pattern in a disc induces porosity and flexibility into an easily fabricated parachute. By performing wind tunnel testing and numerical simulations using a custom flow-induced reconfiguration model, we develop a design tool to realize kirigami-inspired parachutes. Guided by these results, we fabricate parachutes from the centimetre to the metre scale and test them in realistic conditions. We show that at low load-to-area ratios, kirigami-inspired parachutes exhibit a comparable terminal velocity to conventional ones. However, unlike conventional parachutes that require a gliding angle for vertical stability and fall at random far from a target, our kirigami-inspired parachutes always fall near the target, regardless of their initial release angle. These kinds of parachutes could limit material losses during airdropping as well as decrease manufacturing costs and complexity.