Nature, 4 June 2026, Volume 654 Issue 8117

《自然》2026年6月4日，第654卷，8117期

天文学Astronomy

Relativistic electron acceleration at the bow shock of Jupiter and beyond

木星及更远区域弓形激波处的相对论电子加速

▲ 作者：Savvas Raptis, Drew L. Turner et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10473-z

▲摘要：

通过使用美国国家航空航天局朱诺号探测器的数据，研究者首次展示了木星弓形激波上游存在由大尺度前兆暂态结构驱动的相对论电子（≥1 MeV）加速的直接证据。

结合这些数据与太阳系内其他探测任务的多重观测，研究者提出了Hillas极限的普适标度律，该定律通过经验关系将可观测的暂态结构尺度与粒子最大能量联系起来。

将此标度律应用于从行星弓形激波到原恒星喷流和超新星遗迹等不同天体环境，研究者得到了一个简单的模型，用以估算最大可达粒子能量——分别从MeV量级到约数十GeV以及约数十TeV。这为在观测约束下限定天体物理激波中宇宙射线的最大能量提供了一种方法。

▲ Abstract：

Here, using data from the Juno spacecraft of NASA, we show the direct evidence of relativistic electron acceleration (≥1?MeV) upstream of the bow shock of Jupiter, powered by a large-scale foreshock transient. Leveraging these and complementary Solar System observations, we propose a universal scaling law for the Hillas limit that empirically connects the observable size of a transient to maximum particle energy. Applying this scaling to various environments, from planetary bow shocks to protostellar jets and supernova remnants, yields a simple model of maximum obtainable particle energies ranging from MeV scales up to about tens of GeV, and about tens of TeV, respectively, providing an observationally grounded method for constraining maximum cosmic ray energies at astrophysical shocks.

材料科学Material Science

Metamaterial-enhanced near-field radiative heat transfer

超材料增强的近场辐射传热

▲ 作者：Zexiao Wang, Renwen Yu et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10595-4

▲摘要：

研究者通过实验展示了在氮化硅薄膜上金开口环谐振器图案化形成的超材料，对近场辐射传热的增强效应。与氮化硅薄膜上的无结构金平板或纯氮化硅薄膜相比，超材料之间的辐射传热增强数倍。

电磁学直接模拟与耦合模理论模型均证实，这种增强源于开口环谐振器的谐振模式及其与氮化硅薄膜中表面声子极化子的强耦合作用。

这项研究实验验证了超材料在操控近场辐射能量交换方面的强大能力，为热能收集和红外传感应用开辟了新机遇。

▲ Abstract：

Here we experimentally demonstrate metamaterial-mediated enhancement on near-field radiative heat transfer between gold split-ring resonators patterned on silicon nitride (SiN) membranes. Compared with unstructured gold plates on the SiN membrane or bare SiN membranes, the radiative heat transfer between the metamaterials is enhanced several-fold. This observed enhancement results from the split-ring-resonator resonant modes and their strong coupling with surface phonon polaritons in the SiN membrane, as supported by direct electromagnetic simulations and coupled-mode-theory modelling. Our work provides experimental verification of the strong capability of metamaterials in manipulating radiative energy exchange at near field, opening opportunities for thermal energy harvesting and infrared sensing applications.

化学Chemistry

Ambiphilic cross-coupling with aryl-bismuth reagents

芳基铋试剂的亲环境交叉偶联

▲ 作者：Byeongdo Roh, Benedict A. Williams & Josep Cornella

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10486-8

▲摘要：

研究者报道了在过渡金属催化的交叉偶联反应中，芳基铋试剂可作为亲核试剂或亲电试剂发挥作用，从根本上打破了反应性上的这一二元分类。

其亲电亲核双性反应性源于它们能与过渡金属配合物同时发生氧化加成和金属转移过程，化学计量研究与机理研究均证实了这一点。

通过展示单个芳基试剂能同时参与这两种经典的基元步骤，这项研究挑战了长期存在的假设——即固有的键极性严格决定了交叉偶联化学中的机理角色。

▲ Abstract：

Here we report ambiphilic aryl-bismuth reagents that can behave as either nucleophiles or electrophiles in transition-metal-catalysed cross-couplings, fundamentally breaking from this dichotomy in reactivity. Their ambiphilic reactivity arises from their ability to engage in both oxidative addition and transmetalation processes with transition-metal complexes, as demonstrated by stoichiometric and mechanistic studies. By demonstrating that a single aryl reagent can engage in both canonical elementary steps, this work challenges the long-standing assumption that intrinsic bond polarity rigidly dictates the mechanistic role in cross-coupling chemistry.

地球科学Earth Science

Forest carbon protocols underestimate climate-driven carbon loss risks

森林碳核算协议低估了气候驱动的碳损失风险

▲ 作者：Chao Wu, Grayson Badgley et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10571-y

▲摘要：

研究者通过使用森林清查、卫星数据、干扰模拟和机器学习，绘制了美国本土自然干扰导致的碳逆转风险图谱。研究显示，气候变化增加了全美森林百年时间尺度上由自然干扰导致的碳损失风险，在加利福尼亚州和山间西部尤为显著。

目前美国本土最大的森林气候减缓项目的缓冲储备池规模可能过小，平均低估了6.3倍；若考虑未来气候情景、干扰严重程度及其他碳汇池的不确定性，这一低估范围可能达2.2至8.0倍。

这项研究提供了自然干扰导致森林碳损失长期风险的空间显式图谱，凸显了当前构建碳抵消缓冲储备池的方法学亟需修订，才能在气候变化条件下有效发挥作用。

▲ Abstract：

Here we use forest inventory, satellite data, disturbance modelling and machine learning to map reversal (carbon loss) risk in the contiguous United States (CONUS) from natural disturbance. Across CONUS forests, we show that climate change increases the 100-year risk of carbon losses from natural disturbance, particularly in California and the Intermountain West. The current buffer pool of the largest CONUS forest climate mitigation programme is likely too small by an average factor of 6.3, and this could range from 2.2- to 8.0-fold too small when considering uncertainties around future climate scenarios, disturbance severity and other carbon pools. We provide spatially explicit maps of the long-term risks to forest carbon losses from natural disturbances, which highlight that current methodologies used for constructing carbon offset buffer pools require revisions to succeed under climate change.

生物学Biology

Cytoplasmic competition between separate parental pronuclei in zygotes

受精卵中分离的亲本原核之间的细胞质竞争

▲ 作者：Hirohisa Kyogoku, Mitsusuke Tarama et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10417-7

▲摘要：

研究者结合小鼠受精卵显微操作、定量成像和理论模拟等多种方法，揭示了细胞质介导的亲本原核之间的竞争机制，保障了胚胎的发育潜能。

这一机制通过限制原核体积，防止包括三甲基化组蛋白丢失在内的表观遗传标记失调。单原核双亲受精卵因缺乏该机制，其发育至足月的比率降低。

通过基于竞争或药物的方式恢复表观遗传标记，可以部分挽救这种低发育潜能。这项研究阐明了一种空间机制，该机制将受精过程与下一代完整发育潜能的建立联系起来，并揭示了在临床上使用单原核双亲受精卵的潜在风险。

▲ Abstract：

Here, using a combination of mouse zygote manipulation, quantitative imaging and theoretical approaches, we show a cytoplasm-mediated competition mechanism between separate parental pronuclei that ensures developmental potential. This mechanism limits pronuclear volume and prevents epigenetic mark dysregulation, including loss of trimethylated histones. One-pronuclear biparental zygotes lack this mechanism, resulting in a reduced rate of development to term. This low developmental potential can be partially rescued by competition-based or drug-based restoration of epigenetic marks. This study provides a spatial mechanism linking fertilization to the establishment of the full developmental potential for the next generation, highlighting caveats in clinical use of one-pronuclear biparental zygotes.

Glycerol-driven TNAP activation in thermogenesis and mineralization

甘油驱动的TNAP在产热与矿化中的激活

▲ 作者：Mohammed Faiz Hussain, Shreya S. Krishnan et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10396-9

▲摘要：

这项研究中，研究者确定甘油是TNAP的变构激活剂。甘油与远离活性位点的表面袋（称为甘油袋）结合，从而增强TNAP活性。通过生物物理、结构、生物能量学和生理学方法，我们证明甘油袋是TNAP驱动的产热过程所必需的。

通过这一机制，TNAP激活无效肌酸循环，作为UCP1的生理补充。此外，甘油袋对于成骨细胞调控的最佳矿化同样不可或缺。位于该位点的人类错义变异在体外会降低TNAP依赖性矿化，并表现出较低的碱性磷酸酶活性和骨密度，为甘油袋功能受损会损害骨骼生理提供了遗传学证据。

▲ Abstract：

Here we identify glycerol as an allosteric activator of TNAP. Glycerol binds to a surface pocket distal to the active site, which we term the glycerol pocket, to enhance TNAP activity. Using biophysical, structural, bioenergetic and physiological approaches, we show that the glycerol pocket is required for TNAP-driven thermogenesis. Through this mechanism, TNAP activates the futile creatine cycle, acting as a physiological complement to UCP1. The glycerol pocket is likewise required for optimal osteoblast-regulated mineralization. Human missense variants in this site reduce TNAP-dependent mineralization in vitro and are associated with lower alkaline phosphatase activity and bone mineral density, providing genetic evidence that its disruption impairs skeletal physiology.