Science, 14 MAY 2026, VOL 392, ISSUE 6799

《科学》2026年5月14日，第392卷，6799期

物理学Physics

Picosecond ultralow-power switching device based on an antiferromagnet

基于反铁磁体的皮秒超低功耗开关器件

▲ 作者：HANSHEN TSAI, TAKUYA MATSUDA, KOUTA KONDOU, KOTARO SHIMIZU, TAKUYA NOMOTO, TOMOYA HIGO, ET AL.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adt3136

▲摘要：开发一种超快、高能效的非易失性开关器件将对新兴计算架构产生重要影响。然而，当前处理速度已停滞在纳秒级，进一步加速需要极大的写入功率。

研究组利用反铁磁体Mn₃Sn与重金属钽构成的异质结构，通过短至40皮秒的电脉冲实现了自旋轨道矩开关。由于高效的角动量转移，其在皮秒时间尺度上的功耗比铁磁同类器件低数个数量级。

与先前报道的皮秒开关器件相比，该超低功耗开关器件显著降低了发热，具有更高的耐久性，并能够利用光电流进行开关。这些结果为超快非易失性存储器和高效光电转换技术奠定了基础。

▲ Abstract：Developing an ultrafast and energy-efficient nonvolatile switching device may pose a strong impact on emerging computing architectures. However, processing speed has plateaued in the nanosecond regime, as further acceleration demands excessively large write power. We demonstrate ultralow power in picosecond switching using heterostructures of the antiferromagnet Mn₃Sn and heavy metal tantalum, which exhibit spin-orbit torque switching by electrical pulses as short as 40 picoseconds. Power consumption in the picosecond regime is several orders of magnitude lower than in ferromagnetic counterparts owing to efficient angular momentum transfer. Compared with previously reported picosecond switching devices, our ultralow-power switching device realizes much less heating, higher endurance, and switching using photocurrent. These results pave the way to ultrafast nonvolatile memory and efficient optical-to-electrical conversion technology.

材料科学Materials Science

Decoding collective dynamics and complexity in nanoparticle assemblies using graph theory

利用图论解码纳米粒子组装体中的集体动力学与复杂性

▲ 作者：JONAS HALLSTROM, PUQUAN PAN, JAYSON SIA, SANGWOK BAE, DINGWEN QIAN, CHANG QIAN, ET AL.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aeb5134

▲摘要：介于分子与胶体尺度之间的纳米粒子兼具两者特性。其自组装结构呈现出有序与无序的结合，很难用传统基于对称性的描述符进行量化。

研究组应用图论（GT）分析了三种材料体系中400至10000个纳米粒子的组装体。结果表明，图论度量，即增强的Forman-Ricci曲率（AFRC）和Ollivier-Ricci曲率（ORC），能够捕捉从小团簇到扩展网络的局部和全局结构转变。

AFRC反映了组装体的能量状态，而ORC则量化了结构复杂性，并揭示了一种“金发姑娘”机制，可以最大限度地提高等离子体响应。该方法的普适性在金纳米立方体、金纳米棱柱和氧化铟锡纳米球上得到了验证，为描述和优化复杂纳米粒子组装体提供了一个统一框架。

▲ Abstract：Being intermediate in scale between molecules and colloids, nanoparticles combine characteristics of both. The structure of their self-assembled states combining order and disorder is difficult to quantify using traditional symmetry-based descriptors. Here, we applied graph theory (GT) to analyze assemblies of 400 to 10,000 nanoparticles across three material systems. We show that GT metrics, augmented Forman-Ricci curvature (AFRC) and Ollivier-Ricci curvature (ORC), capture local and global structural transitions from small clusters to extended networks. AFRC reflects the energetic state of the assembly, whereas ORC quantifies structural complexity and reveals a “Goldilocks” regime that maximizes plasmonic response. The generality of this approach is demonstrated for gold nanocubes, gold nanoprisms, and indium tin oxide nanospheres, providing a unified framework for describing and optimizing complex nanoparticle assemblies.

AI-guided design of efficient perovskite solar cells operationally stable at 100°C

AI指导设计在100℃下稳定运行的高效钙钛矿太阳能电池

▲ 作者：JIAHAO GUO, BOWEI LI, ZEYU ZHANG, FANG LIU, CONGYI LI, YAO WANG, ET AL.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aef1620

▲ 摘要：自首次报道以来，可稳定运行的钙钛矿太阳能电池（PSC）一直备受关注与争议。

研究组报道了一种四智能体协同人工智能（AI）框架，用于指导稳定钙钛矿光伏器件中光吸收剂、抗紫外空穴传输材料以及稳健异质界面的合理设计。通过热力学驱动的单晶生长和薄膜实验表征验证，该多智能体框架筛选出了一种高度稳定的甲脒—铯碘化铅钙钛矿FA_0.92Cs_0.08PbI₃。

基于AI驱动的进一步建议，研究组设计了一种定制的空穴传输分子，即4'-(3,6-二甲氧基-9H-咔唑-9-基)-[1,1'-联苯]-4-基)膦酸，该分子具有优异的抗紫外能力，且将双侧金属氧化物层集成到器件结构中。在100℃下连续运行1000小时后，所设计的PSC仍能保持97%的初始效率。这成功展示了一条可行且有前景的全链条AI路径，以加速PSC的实际应用。

▲ Abstract：Operationally stable perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been sought after and debated since first being demonstrated. Here, we report a four-agent collaborative artificial intelligence (AI) to guide rational design of light absorbers, ultraviolet-resistant hole transport materials, and robust heterointerfaces for stable perovskite photovoltaics. Validated through thermodynamically driven single-crystal growth and thin-film experimental characterizations, the multiagent framework identified a highly stable formamidinium-cesium lead iodide perovskite, FA_0.92Cs_0.08PbI₃. AI-driven insights further enabled the design of a customized hole transport molecule, (4′-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazol-9-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)phosphonic acid, with superior ultraviolet resilience, alongside dual-side metal oxide layer incorporation into the device configuration. The designed PSC can retain 97% of initial efficiency after 1000 hours of continuous operation at 100°C. This success demonstrates an accessible and promising full-chain AI route to accelerate the application of PSCs.

化学Chemistry

A molecular pathway to corrosion-resistant printable copper

一种分子途径助力耐腐蚀可印刷铜

▲ 作者：JUN ZHANG, QIUBO ZHANG, QIKUN FENG, XIAO SUN, LIN XU, ZHONGXUAN WANG, ET AL.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aed4488

▲摘要：铜因其卓越的导电和导热性能，成为电子与能源系统中不可或缺的材料。然而，氧化和腐蚀问题限制了其长期可靠性，现有保护策略通常需要高温或多步工艺。

研究组报道了一种分子反应策略，能够在低于150℃的条件下将铜前驱体转化为金属铜，同时生成一层超薄碳质和一价铜表面钝化层。基于邻苯二酚的配体介导了铜的还原，实现了低温粒子间融合，并赋予表面钝化效果，从而获得低电阻率且具有优异稳定性的柔性铜材料（在酸中耐受>1000小时，在硫化物中耐受>200小时，在140℃下耐受>240小时）。

该策略解决了下一代柔性电子与能源系统中导电性、耐腐蚀性与可加工性之间长期存在的权衡难题。

▲ Abstract：Copper’s exceptional electrical and thermal conductivities make it essential for electronics and energy systems. However, oxidation and corrosion limit its long-term reliability, and existing protection strategies often involve high-temperature or multistep processing. We report a molecularly reactive strategy that converts copper precursors to metallic copper at <150°C, while generating an ultrathin carbonaceous and copper(I) surface passivation. Catechol-based ligands mediate copper reduction, enable low-temperature interparticle fusion, and impart surface passivation, yielding flexible copper with low resistivity and exceptional stability (>1000 hours in acid, >200 hours in sulfide, >240 hours at 140°C). This strategy resolves the long-standing trade-off between conductivity, corrosion resistance, and processability for next-generation flexible electronics and energy systems.

地球科学Earth Science

Accelerated Himalayan river meandering and dynamics due to climate change

气候变化导致喜马拉雅区域河流曲流及动力学加速

▲ 作者：ZHIPENG LIN, ZHONGPENG HAN, DAVID R. MONTGOMERY, WAQAS UL HUSSAN, LARS L?NSMANN IVERSEN, METTE BENDIXEN, ET AL.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adg8401

▲摘要：河流曲流与迁移是全球范围内的基本过程，而喜马拉雅山脉的高海拔为检验河流形态动力学是否会随着快速变化的气候而变化提供了契机。

研究组利用遥感影像和现场观测，对三大流域四十余年间的河流曲流及相关动力学进行了量化。在1980—2000年至2000—2020年间，单河道与多河道模式之间的自由迁移、截断、改道以及转换率大约翻了一番。

研究组将河道形态动力学的这种加速归因于气候变暖下的冰冻圈退化，后者增加了融水和泥沙通量，并致使冰冻河岸失稳。该研究结果表明，喜马拉雅高海拔地区是探测河流系统中气候信号的前哨区域，为理解气候驱动的地貌和生物地球化学响应提供了关键见解，并为河流生态系统和下游社区的适应策略提供了科学依据。

▲ Abstract：River meandering and migration are fundamental processes worldwide, and the high Himalayas offer an opportunity to test whether river morphodynamics are shifting in response to a rapidly changing climate. We used remote-sensing imagery and field observations to quantify river meandering and associated dynamics for three major river basins over four decades. Between 1980?2000 and 2000?2020, rates of unconfined migration, cutoff, avulsion, and transitions between single- and multithread channel patterns roughly doubled. We ascribe this acceleration in channel morphodynamics to cryosphere degradation under climate warming, which amplifies meltwater and sediment fluxes and destabilizes frozen riverbanks. Our findings highlight the Himalayan uplands as a sentinel region for detecting climatic signals in fluvial systems, providing critical insights into climate-driven geomorphological and biogeochemical responses and informing adaptation strategies for riverine ecosystems and downstream communities.

Predictable seismic cycles result from structural rupture barriers on oceanic transform faults

海洋转换断层的结构性破裂屏障导致可预测的地震周期

▲ 作者：JIANHUA GONG, WENYUAN FAN, JEFFREY J. MCGUIRE, MARK D. BEHN, JESSICA M. WARREN, EMILY ROLAND, ET AL.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ady6190

▲ 摘要：海洋转换断层（OTFs）上发生的震级大于5.5级的地震，会反复破坏同一锁定区域，有时呈现准周期性。这些区域被阻止地震传播的“屏障”分隔开，且其滑动主要以无震形式进行。然而，控制这一系统性行为的物理过程尚不清楚。

研究组分析了戈法尔转换断层沿线的两个屏障，其在过去三十年中阻止了约15次6级地震。海底地震仪数据表明，这些屏障在主震前存在强烈的微地震活动，包括多股断层和横向偏移100至400米的张扭性阶区。

这些特征与那些依赖速度强化摩擦或大几何阶跃的地震破裂终止模型相矛盾，反而指向了损伤增强的孔隙度和剪胀强化机制。通过隔离破裂段，这些屏障调控着OTF地震的准周期性重现。

▲ Abstract：Earthquakes of magnitude (M) >5.5 on oceanic transform faults (OTFs) repeatedly rupture the same locked patches, sometimes quasiperiodically. These patches are separated by “barriers” that halt earthquake propagation and slip mostly aseismically. However, the physical processes governing this systematic behavior remain unclear. We analyzed two barriers along the Gofar transform fault that have arrested ~15 M6 earthquakes over the past three decades. Ocean bottom seismometer data indicate that the barriers hosted intense microseismicity before the mainshocks and comprise multistrand faults and transtensional stepovers with 100- to 400-m lateral offset. These characteristics contradict earthquake rupture termination models invoking velocity-strengthening friction or large geometric steps and instead point to damage-enhanced porosity and dilatancy-strengthening mechanisms. By isolating rupture segments, the barriers regulate the quasiperiodic recurrence of OTF earthquakes.