编译|未玖

Nature, 4 December 2025, Volume 648, Issue 8092

《自然》2025年12月4日，第648卷，8092期

天文学Astronomy

Satellite megaconstellations will threaten space-based astronomy

巨型卫星群将威胁到太空天文学

▲ 作者：Alejandro S. Borlaff, Pamela M. Marcum & Steve B. Howell 

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09759-5

▲摘要：

迅速增长的卫星群引起了学界的强烈关注。卫星的反射光肉眼可见，对于专业望远镜而言非常明亮。这些轨迹已经影响了全电磁波谱的天文图像，在运行和校正方面付出了显著的成本。

与普遍看法相反，卫星轨迹不仅影响地面天文台，还影响哈勃太空望远镜等太空天文台。然而，目前在轨卫星数量只是未来十年计划发射卫星的一小部分（不到3%）。

研究组基于电信行业提出的卫星群计划，对一系列国际近地轨道望远镜的卫星轨迹污染程度进行了预测。该研究结果表明，如果这些卫星群完成，哈勃太空望远镜三分之一的图像将受到污染，而SPHEREx（用于宇宙历史、再电离纪元和冰层探测的光谱光度仪），ARRAKIHS（解析吸积星系残余物的光晕巡天关键仪器）和巡天太空望远镜将有超过96%的曝光受到影响，每次曝光分别有{5.6}_{-0.3}^{+0.3}、{69}_{-22}^{+21}和{92}_{-10}^{+11}卫星轨迹，平均表面亮度为μ = 19±2星等·角秒?2。

研究结果表明，光污染对太空望远镜的运行构成了越来越大的威胁。研究组提出了一系列应对措施，以尽量减少卫星群的影响，使学界能够预测、建模和纠正科学观测中不必要的卫星光污染。

▲ Abstract：

Rapidly growing satellite constellations have raised strong concerns among the scientific community. Reflections from satellites can be visible to the unaided eye and extremely bright for professional telescopes. These trails already affect astronomical images across the complete electromagnetic spectrum, with a noticeable cost for operations and mitigation efforts. Contrary to popular perception, satellite trails affect not only ground-based observatories but also space observatories such as the Hubble Space Telescope. However, the current number of satellites is only a fraction (less than 3%) of those to be launched in the next decade. Here we show a forecast of the satellite trail contamination levels for a series of international low-Earth-orbit telescopes on the basis of the proposed telecommunication industry constellations. Our results show that if these constellations are completed, one-third of the images of the Hubble Space Telescope will be contaminated, while the SPHEREx (Spectro-Photometer for the History of the Universe, Epoch of Reionization and Ices Explorer), ARRAKIHS (Analysis of Resolved Remnants of Accreted galaxies as a Key Instrument for Halo Surveys) and Xuntian space telescopes will have more than 96% of their exposures affected, with {5.6}_{-0.3}^{+0.3}, {69}_{-22}^{+21} and {92}_{-10}^{+11} trails per exposure, respectively, with an average surface brightness of μ?=?19?±?2?mag?arcsec?2. Our results demonstrate that light contamination is a growing threat for space telescope operations. We propose a series of actions to minimize the impact of satellite constellations, allowing researchers to predict, model and correct unwanted satellite light pollution from science observations.

物理学Physics

Determination of the spin and parity of all-charm tetraquarks

全粲四夸克自旋宇称的确定

▲ 作者：The CMS Collaboration

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09711-7

▲摘要：

传统的夸克模型解释了重子的存在，如由三个夸克组成的质子和中子，以及由夸克-反夸克对组成的介子。直到最近，学界才开始积累大量证据，证明由四五个夸克和反夸克组成的奇异态。但其内部结构的确切性质尚不确定。

研究组报告了最近发现的三个全粲四夸克家族的量子数的首次测量，使用了2016年至2018年大型强子对撞机CMS实验收集的数据。为发现和表征希格斯玻色子而开发的角分析技术也已被应用于新型奇异态。

研究组证明了宇称P和电荷共轭C对称性的量子数为+1。这些奇异态的自旋J被确定为与2?一致，而0?和1?分别在95%和99%的置信水平上被排除在外。J^PC?=?2⁺⁺分布意味着组成自旋和轨道角动量的特殊构型，这约束了这些四夸克可能的内部结构。

▲ Abstract：

The traditional quark model accounts for the existence of baryons, such as protons and neutrons, which consist of three quarks, as well as mesons, composed of a quark–antiquark pair. Only recently has substantial evidence started to accumulate for exotic states composed of four or five quarks and antiquarks. The exact nature of their internal structure remains uncertain. Here we report the first measurement of quantum numbers of the recently discovered family of three all-charm tetraquarks, using data collected by the CMS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider from 2016 to 2018. The angular analysis techniques developed for the discovery and characterization of the Higgs boson have been applied to the new exotic states. Here we show that the quantum numbers for parity P and charge conjugation C symmetries are found to be +1. The spin J of these exotic states is determined to be consistent with 2?, while 0? and 1? are excluded at 95% and 99% confidence levels, respectively. The J^PC?=?2⁺⁺ assignment implies particular configurations of constituent spins and orbital angular momenta, which constrain the possible internal structure of these tetraquarks.

Sterile-neutrino search based on 259 days of KATRIN data

基于259天KATRIN数据的惰性中微子搜索

▲ 作者：The KATRIN Collaboration

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09739-9

▲摘要：

中微子是宇宙中最丰富的基本物质粒子，在粒子物理学和宇宙学中起着至关重要的作用。

大约25年前发现的中微子振荡表明，有三种已知的中微子可相互转化。反应堆和放射源实验的异常结果表明，可能存在第四种中微子态，即惰性中微子，它不通过弱力相互作用。

卡尔斯鲁厄氚中微子（KATRIN）实验，主要目标是通过氚β衰变测量中微子质量，同时搜寻由这些异常暗示的惰性中微子。惰性中微子信号在β衰变能谱中表现为畸变，其特征是与惰性中微子质量相关的曲率不连续性（拐点）。这种特征仅取决于光谱形态，而不是其绝对归一化，为反应堆实验提供了一种稳健、互补的方法。

研究组报告了在端点能量以下40 eV的259个测量天内记录的3600万个氚β衰变电子的能谱分析。结果排除了由镓异常暗示的大部分参数空间，并对中微子-4的说法提出了质疑。与其他中微子消失实验一起，KATRIN探测了从几分之一eV²到几百eV²的惰性到活跃的质量分裂区间，排除了混合角度超过百分之几的轻惰性中微子的存在。

▲ Abstract：

Neutrinos are the most abundant fundamental matter particles in the Universe and play a crucial part in particle physics and cosmology. Neutrino oscillation, discovered about 25?years ago, shows that the three known species mix with each other. Anomalous results from reactor and radioactive-source experiments suggest a possible fourth neutrino state, the sterile neutrino, which does not interact through the weak force. The Karlsruhe Tritium Neutrino (KATRIN) experiment, primarily designed to measure the neutrino mass using tritium β-decay, also searches for sterile neutrinos suggested by these anomalies. A sterile-neutrino signal would appear as a distortion in the β-decay energy spectrum, characterized by a discontinuity in curvature (kink) related to the sterile-neutrino mass. This signature, which depends only on the shape of the spectrum rather than its absolute normalization, offers a robust, complementary approach to reactor experiments. Here we report the analysis of the energy spectrum of 36 million tritium β-decay electrons recorded in 259 measurement days within the last 40?eV below the endpoint. The results exclude a substantial part of the parameter space suggested by the gallium anomaly and challenge the Neutrino-4 claim. Together with other neutrino-disappearance experiments, KATRIN probes sterile-to-active mass splittings from a fraction of an eV² to several hundred eV², excluding light sterile neutrinos with mixing angles above a few per cent.

人工智能Artificial Intelligence

Glasses-free 3D display with ultrawide viewing range using deep learning

使用深度学习技术的超宽视角范围裸眼3D显示器

▲ 作者：Weijie Ma, Zhangrui Zhao, Canyu Zhao, Wanli Ouyang & Han-Sen Zhong 

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09752-y

▲摘要：

裸眼三维（3D）显示器为用户提供沉浸式视觉体验，而无需任何可穿戴设备。为了实现高质量的3D成像，显示器应该具有大尺寸显示面积和宽视角。然而，光学系统的空间范围和带宽之间的权衡，即空间带宽积，通常限制了两者的同时最大化。

两种最常见的3D显示方法是全息显示和自动多视点显示，它们分别牺牲了显示尺寸或视点。最近，一些由人工智能增强的技术实现已显示出突破这些限制的可能性，但其运行仍受限于固定的空间带宽积。因此，制造大规模广角3D显示器仍颇具挑战性。

研究组实现了一种大规模全视差3D显示器，在低成本光场传输装置上具有超过100°的无缝视角范围，保持50 Hz以上的刷新率和1920×1080的分辨率。这款名为EyeReal的设备通过精确建模双眼视图并将其与深度学习实时优化相结合来实现，从而为每只眼睛产生最佳的光场输出。该设备有望应用于教育工具、3D设计和虚拟现实。

▲ Abstract：

Glasses-free three-dimensional (3D) displays provide users with an immersive visual experience without the need of any wearable devices. To achieve high-quality 3D imaging, a display should have both large linear dimensions and a wide viewing angle. However, the trade-off between spatial extent and bandwidth of optical systems, the space–bandwidth product, conventionally constrains the simultaneous maximization of the two. The two most common approaches to 3D displays are holographic and automultiscopic, which, respectively, sacrifice either scale or viewing angle. Recently, some implementations enhanced by artificial intelligence have shown directions to mitigate these constraints, but they still operate within a set space–bandwidth product. As a result, it remains challenging to fabricate large-scale wide-angle 3D displays. Here we report the realization of a large-scale full-parallax 3D display with seamless viewing beyond 100°, maintained at over 50?Hz and 1,920?×?1,080 resolution on a low-cost light-field delivery setup. This device, called EyeReal, is realized by accurately modelling binocular view and combining it with a deep-learning real-time optimization, enabling the generation of optimal light-field outputs for each of the eyes. Our device could potentially enable applications in educational tools, 3D design and virtual reality.

材料科学Materials Science

Tin-based perovskite solar cells with a homogeneous buried interface

具有均质埋界面的锡基钙钛矿太阳能电池

▲ 作者：Tianpeng Li, Xin Luo, Peilin Wang, Zhi Li, Yimeng Li, Jinhai Huang, et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09724-2

▲摘要：

锡基钙钛矿太阳能电池（TPSCs）已成为铅基设备的一种有前景的无毒环保替代品，其倒置结构器件的认证功率转换效率（PCEs）现已超过16%。尽管理想带隙支持的理论PCE超过33%，但TPSCs的性能和稳定性仍然滞后，部分原因是空穴传输层不理想，埋界面较差，阻碍了空穴提取。

研究组报道了埋界面处的(E)-（2-（4 ',5 ' -双（4-（双（4-甲氧基苯基）氨基）苯基）-[2,2 ' -双噻吩]- 5-基）- 1-氰乙烯基）膦酸分子膜，其优化了倒置TPSCs中的空穴传输层。这种分子膜形成了一个均质界面层，具有良好匹配的能级排列，显著提高了空穴提取。

此外，这种方法创造了一个超湿润底层，可引导均匀、高质量的锡基钙钛矿薄膜的生长，降低了缺陷密度，最大限度地减少了非辐射复合损失。由此制备的倒置小面积TPSCs获得了17.89%的创纪录PCE（在反向扫描模式下认证为17.71%）。

另外，封装器件在环境储存1344小时后仍保持95%以上的初始PCE，在1太阳光照下连续运行1550小时后仍保持94%以上的初始PCE。值得注意的是，研究组在1平方厘米的TPSCs上实现了14.40%的创纪录PCE，证明了该策略的可扩展性。

▲ Abstract：

Tin-based perovskite solar cells (TPSCs) have emerged as a promising non-toxic and environmentally friendly alternative to lead-based devices, with certified power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of inverted architectures now exceeding 16%. Despite an ideal bandgap supporting a theoretical PCE of more than 33%, TPSCs still lag in performance and stability, partly because of suboptimal hole transport layers and a poor buried interface that hinder hole extraction. Here we report (E)-(2-(4′,5′-bis(4-(bis(4-methoxyphenyl)amino)phenyl)-[2,2′-bithiophen]?5-yl)?1-cyanovinyl)phosphonic acid at the buried interface, using a molecular film to optimize hole transport layers in inverted TPSCs. This molecular film forms a homogeneous interfacial layer with well-matched energy-level alignment, markedly enhancing hole extraction. Moreover, this approach creates a superwetting underlayer that guides the growth of uniform, high-quality Sn-based perovskite films with reduced defect density and minimized non-radiative recombination losses. The resulting inverted small-area TPSCs demonstrate a record PCE of 17.89% (certified 17.71% under reverse scanning mode). Furthermore, the encapsulated device maintains more than 95% of the initial PCE after 1,344?h of ambient shelf storage and more than 94% after 1,550?h of continuous operation under 1-sun illumination. Notably, we achieve a record PCE of 14.40% for 1?cm2 TPSCs, highlighting the scalability of our strategy.

A matrix-confined molecular layer for perovskite photovoltaic modules

钙钛矿光伏组件的基质约束分子层

▲ 作者：Yugang Liang, Guodong Chen, Yao Wang, Yu Zou, Menglei Feng, Yanming Wang, et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09785-3

▲摘要：

金属卤化物钙钛矿具有优异光电性能，已成为支持光伏效率提高的颇具竞争力的候选材料。由于最新报道的研究电池其功率转换效率可媲美商业化的硅电池，钙钛矿太阳能电池的产业化即将到来。然而，大多数基于自组装分子（SAMs）的高效倒置钙钛矿太阳能电池因其聚集性和疏水性而面临挑战。

研究组报道了一种“基质嵌入SAM”策略，将部分SAM分布到三（五氟苯基）硼烷的稳定基质中，从而打破了原始分子堆叠诱导的聚集。二维晶格蒙特卡罗模拟和实验结果表明，该策略形成了有效的电荷输运通道。基于基质嵌入SAM空穴传输层的器件在各种SAMs中普遍表现出更高的效率，具有紧凑的表面覆盖、良好的导电性和更少的埋底纳米孔隙，在规模化生产中展现出突出应用潜力。

在掺氟氧化锡/NiO_x基底上的基质嵌入SAM空穴传输层，有利于形成大面积的钙钛矿薄膜，具有良好的晶体质量，增强了NiO_x的导电性。研究组成功制备出1米×2米的大面积钙钛矿太阳能组件，认证效率为20.05%。

▲ Abstract：

Metal halide perovskites with remarkable optoelectronic properties have become a competitive candidate for supporting the efficiency progression of photovoltaics. As the latest reported power conversion efficiency of research cells is comparable to that of commercialized silicon cells, the industrialization of perovskite solar cells is on the horizon. However, most high-efficiency inverted perovskite solar cells based on self-assembled molecules (SAMs) face challenges owing to the aggregation and hydrophobicity of the SAMs. Here we report a ‘SAM-in-matrix’ strategy to distribute partial SAMs into a stable matrix of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane, which breaks the original molecular-stacking-induced aggregation. Two-dimensional lattice Monte Carlo simulations and experimental results reveal that this strategy forms efficient charge transport channels. SAM-in-matrix hole-transport-layer-based devices show universally higher efficiencies for various SAMs, with compact surface coverage, good conductivity and substantially fewer buried nanovoids. Moreover, this strategy shows prominent application potential for scalable production. A SAM-in-matrix hole transport layer on fluorine-doped tin oxide/NiO_x substrate facilitates the formation of large-area perovskite films with good crystalline quality and enhanced conductivity of NiO_x. A 1?m?×?2?m large-area perovskite solar module is thus achieved with a certified efficiency of 20.05%.