Science, 25 Sep 2025, VOL 389, ISSUE 6767

《科学》2025年9月25日，第389卷，6767期

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地球科学Earth Science

Instability in the geological regulation of Earth’s climate

地球气候地质调控的不稳定性

▲ 作者：Dominik Hülse and Andy Ridgwell

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adh7730

▲摘要：

陆地硅酸盐矿物风化介导的气候与大气二氧化碳之间的负反馈，此前被认为是地质时间尺度上地球气候的主要调节机制。相反，我们发现涉及有机质的快速反馈不仅对地球系统恢复至关重要，还可能引发意想不到的不稳定性。

我们的地球系统模型实验表明，沉积有机碳埋藏作用在氧化还原敏感性磷再生机制的放大效应下，能够超越硅酸盐风化作用，并在响应大规模二氧化碳释放时反常地驱动气候过度冷却。

这种不稳定性不仅取决于全球磷循环状态，还受硅酸盐风化与有机碳埋藏初始平衡的影响。该现象在中等海洋氧化还原状态下表现最为显著，这可能有助于理解过去冰河期的形成时机。

▲ Abstract：

Negative feedback between climate and atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂), mediated by the weathering of silicate minerals on land, is thought to provide the primary regulation of Earth’s climate on geological timescales. By contrast, we found that faster feedbacks involving organic matter are not only critical to Earth system recovery but can also create unexpected instability. Our Earth system model experiments show how sedimentary organic carbon burial, amplified by redox-sensitive phosphorus regeneration, can outweigh silicate weathering and paradoxically drive climate overcooling in response to massive CO₂ release. This instability depends on the initial balance between silicate weathering and organic carbon burial in addition to the state of global phosphorus cycling. It is most strongly expressed at intermediate ocean redox states, which may help us understand the timing of past ice ages.

古人类学Paleoanthropology

The phylogenetic position of the Yunxian cranium elucidates the origin of Homo longi and the Denisovans

郧县头骨的系统发育位置揭示龙人与丹尼索瓦人的起源

▲ 作者：Xiaobo Feng, Qiyu Yin et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado9202

▲摘要：

中更新世时期曾存在多种人属物种的共存现象。这些化石究竟代表不同物种还是不同演化支系，学界一直存在争议。来自中国、距今约百万年的郧县2号化石，对于理解人属的支系发生及智人起源具有重要意义。在这项研究中，我们采用最新技术对变形的郧县2号头骨进行修复与重建。

结果显示，该头骨呈现原始特征与衍生特征镶嵌共存的特点。形态计量学与系统发育分析表明，它是亚洲龙人演化支的早期成员——该支系包含丹尼索瓦人，并构成智人演化支的姊妹群主体。

智人与龙人两支系均具有可追溯至中更新世之前的深远演化根基，且可能经历了快速的早期分化。郧县2号头骨可能保存了接近这两个支系起源阶段的过渡性特征。

▲ Abstract：

Diverse forms of Homo coexisted during the Middle Pleistocene. Whether these fossil humans represent different species or clades is debated. The ~1-million-year-old Yunxian 2 fossil from China is important for understanding the cladogenesis of Homo and the origin of Homo sapiens. In this study, we restored and reconstructed the distorted Yunxian 2 cranium using recently introduced technology. The results show that this cranium displays mosaic primitive and derived features. Morphometric and phylogenetic analyses suggest that it is an early member of the Asian H. longi clade, which includes the Denisovans and is the main part of the sister group to the H. sapiens clade. Both the H. sapiens and H. longi clades have deep roots extending beyond the Middle Pleistocene and probably experienced rapid early diversification. Yunxian 2 may preserve transitional features close to the origins of the two clades.

物理学Physics

Quantum learning advantage on a scalable photonic platform

可扩展光子平台上的量子学习优势

▲ 作者：Zheng-Hao Liu, Romain Brunel et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adv2560

▲摘要：

量子技术的最新进展表明，量子系统在特定任务中可超越经典系统，这一概念被称为量子优势。尽管既往研究主要聚焦于计算加速，但能够被严格证明且经典系统无法实现的量子优势始终难以实现。

在这项研究中，通过实施量子增强的高维物理过程学习协议，研究者展示了可证明的光子量子优势。利用不完美的爱因斯坦—波多尔斯基—罗森纠缠态，研究者实现了相较于无纠缠经典方法11.8个数量级的样本复杂度降低。

这些结果表明，大规模可证明的量子优势可通过现有光子技术实现，标志着量子计量与机器学习领域向实用化量子增强学习协议迈出关键一步。

▲ Abstract：

Recent advances in quantum technologies have demonstrated that quantum systems can outperform classical ones in specific tasks, a concept known as quantum advantage. Although previous efforts have focused on computational speedups, a definitive and provable quantum advantage that is unattainable by any classical system has remained elusive. In this work, we demonstrate a provable photonic quantum advantage by implementing a quantum-enhanced protocol for learning a high-dimensional physical process. Using imperfect Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen entanglement, we achieve a sample complexity reduction of 11.8 orders of magnitude compared to classical methods without entanglement. These results show that large-scale, provable quantum advantage is achievable with current photonic technology and represent a key step toward practical quantum-enhanced learning protocols in quantum metrology and machine learning.

动物学Zoology

Global selection on insect antipredator coloration

昆虫警戒色的全球自然选择规律

▲ 作者：Iliana Medina, Alice Exnerová et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr7368

▲摘要：

自然选择反复催生了两种警戒色策略的演化：通过伪装避免被发现，或通过警戒作用宣扬自身的不可食性，但研究者依然缺少对于生态背景如何促使其中一种策略胜出的理解。

研究者在全球六大洲21个地点开展重复捕食实验，通过15018只具有隐蔽色或警戒色的人造纸质“飞蛾”猎物，检验捕食者群落、猎物群落及视觉环境如何影响捕食风险。

结果表明，警戒作用策略在捕食强度低的环境中更具优势，而伪装策略则在其他伪装猎物物种稀少且光照水平较低时更有利。这项研究揭示了多重机制如何塑造防御策略，为解释伪装与警戒作用动物的演化及全球分布提供了新见解。

▲ Abstract：

Natural selection has repeatedly led to the evolution of two alternative antipredator color strategies—camouflage to avoid detection and aposematism to advertise unprofitability—but we lack understanding of how ecological context favors one strategy over the other. We conducted a globally replicated predation experiment at 21 sites on six continents to test how predator community, prey community, and visual environment influenced the predation risk of 15,018 artificial paper “moth” prey with cryptic or warning coloration. Results indicated that aposematic strategies fare better in environments with low predation intensity, whereas camouflage strategies are advantaged when other camouflaged prey species are rare and when light levels are low. This study demonstrates how multiple mechanisms shape antipredator strategies, helping to explain the evolution and global distribution of camouflaged and aposematic animals.

Fungus-farming termites can protect their crop by confining weeds with fungistatic soil boluses

培植共生真菌的白蚁通过抑菌土囊限制杂草以保护真菌作物

▲ 作者：Aanchal Panchal , Ruchira Sen et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr2713

▲摘要：

如果未能有效防控入侵杂草，培植真菌的白蚁的共生农业体系便可能崩溃。此前的研究假设共生抑真菌微生物在杂草控制中发挥作用。但是，白蚁如何利用这些微生物抑制杂草而不影响其培养菌株的机制尚未明确。

研究展示了培植真菌的白蚁Odontotermes obeus通过特定行为移除、隔离并抑制真菌杂草Pseudoxylaria的生长，其主要方式是用含抑菌微生物的土囊包裹杂草。

这些行为能高效抑制杂草生长且不影响真菌作物。这种将特定行为与白蚁源微生物相结合的机制，揭示了白蚁如何局部施用微生物以限制杂草同时保护作物的直接作用原理。

▲ Abstract：

The symbiotic agriculture of fungus-farming termites can collapse if they fail to prevent invading weeds. Previous studies suggest a role for symbiotic fungistatic microbes in bringing about weed control. However, how termites employ these microbes to suppress fungal weeds without affecting the fungal cultivar remains unknown. We show that the fungus-farming termite Odontotermes obesus uses specific behaviors to remove, isolate, and suppress the growth of the fungal weed Pseudoxylaria, primarily by encasing it with soil boluses containing fungistatic microbes. These behaviors efficiently suppress the weed without affecting the crop. This integration of specific behaviors with termite-derived microbes appears to be the proximate mechanism of how microbes are topically used by termites to confine the weed while keeping the crop unaffected.

生态学Chemistry

Critical habitat thresholds for effective pollinator conservation in agricultural landscapes

农业景观中有效保护传粉媒介的关键生境阈值

▲ 作者：Gabriella A. Bishop, David Kleijn et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr2146

▲摘要：

人类主导景观中的生物多样性正持续衰退，但依然缺乏可用于指导此类景观的、基于实证的保护目标的国际政策。

研究者提出一个面向生境保护政策的决策框架，该框架通过提升生境数量与质量来制定保护策略，并定义了当生境数量达到特定阈值时需同步优先考虑质量优化的关键节点。研究综合分析了来自19个国家的59项研究数据，将此框架应用于农业生态系统生物多样性的重要组成部分——传粉昆虫。

在低生境质量条件下，食蚜蝇的阈值最低（半自然生境覆盖率达6%），其次为独居蜂（16%）、熊蜂（18%）和蝴蝶（37%）。这些数值代表了农业景观中的最低生境阈值，但当生境数量受限时，需显著提升生境质量才能达到相当的保育效果。

▲ Abstract：

Biodiversity in human-dominated landscapes is declining, but evidence-based conservation targets to guide international policies for such landscapes are lacking. We present a framework for informing habitat conservation policies based on the enhancement of habitat quantity and quality and define thresholds of habitat quantity at which it becomes effective to also prioritize habitat quality. We applied this framework to insect pollinators, an important part of agroecosystem biodiversity, by synthesizing 59 studies from 19 countries. Given low habitat quality, hoverflies had the lowest threshold at 6% semi-natural habitat cover, followed by solitary bees (16%), bumble bees (18%), and butterflies (37%). These figures represent minimum habitat thresholds in agricultural landscapes, but when habitat quantity is restricted, marked increases in quality are required to reach similar outcomes.