Science, 18 Sep 2025, VOL 389, ISSUE 6766

《科学》 2025年9月18日，第389卷，6766期

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物理学Physics

Scalable entanglement of nuclear spins mediated by electron exchange

电子交换介导的核自旋可扩展纠缠

▲ 作者：HOLLY G. STEMP, MARK R. VAN BLANKENSTEIN, SERWAN ASAAD, MATEUSZ T. M?DZIK, BENJAMIN JOECKER, HANNES R. FIRGAU, ET AL.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ady3799

▲摘要：核自旋在量子计算中的应用受限于难以在远距离原子核间创建真正的量子纠缠。目前半导体中的核纠缠依赖于原子核与共用电子的耦合，这并非一种可扩展的策略。

在这项工作中，研究组展示了在硅器件中相距20纳米以上的两个磷原子核之间双量子位控制的Z逻辑门运算。每个原子结合独立电子，其交换相互作用介导了原子核的双量子位门。

研究组制备并测量了一个核贝尔态，保真度为76+5-5%，共轭度为0.67+0.05-0.05。通过这种方法，未来扩大半导体自旋量子比特的进展可扩展到基于核自旋的量子计算机的开发。

▲ Abstract：The use of nuclear spins for quantum computation is limited by the difficulty in creating genuine quantum entanglement between distant nuclei. Current demonstrations of nuclear entanglement in semiconductors rely on coupling the nuclei to a common electron, which is not a scalable strategy. In this work, we demonstrated a two-qubit controlled-Z logic operation between the nuclei of two phosphorus atoms in a silicon device, separated by up to 20 nanometers. Each atom binds separate electrons, whose exchange interaction mediates the nuclear two-qubit gate. We prepared and measured a nuclear Bell state with a fidelity of 76+5-5% and a concurrence of 0.67+0.05-0.05. With this method, future progress in scaling up semiconductor spin qubits can be extended to the development of nuclear spin–based quantum computers.

Quantum squeezing of a levitated nanomechanical oscillator

悬浮纳米机械振荡器的量子压缩

▲ 作者：Mitsuyoshi Kamba, Naoki Hara and Kiyotaka Aikawa

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ady4652

▲摘要：在基础物理学、传感和换能器等多个领域，操纵宏观物体在其量子力学不确定性附近的运动一直是人们追求的目标。尽管在悬浮固体颗粒的基态冷却方面取得了进展，但实现其非经典态仍是一个难题。

研究组通过快速改变单个纳米粒子的振荡频率来演示其运动状态的量子压缩。他们发现，使用自由膨胀测量，速度方差明显收窄到基态的-4.9±0.1分贝。

该工作表明，悬浮纳米颗粒为研究运动的非经典态提供了理想的平台，并为在宏观尺度上开发量子传感和探索量子力学的应用开辟了一条新途径。

▲ Abstract：Manipulating the motion of macroscopic objects near their quantum mechanical uncertainties has been desired in diverse fields, including fundamental physics, sensing, and transducers. Despite progress in ground-state cooling of a levitated solid particle, realizing its nonclassical states has been elusive. Here, we demonstrate quantum squeezing of the motion of a single nanoparticle by rapidly varying its oscillation frequency. We reveal appreciable narrowing of the velocity variance to –4.9 ± 0.1 decibels of that of the ground state using free-expansion measurements. Our work shows that a levitated nanoparticle offers an ideal platform for studying nonclassical states of its motion and provides a route to developing applications in quantum sensing and exploring quantum mechanics at a macroscopic scale.

化学Chemistry

Stereo-reversed E2 unlocks Z-selective C functionalization

立体反转E2解锁Z选择性C-H官能化

▲ 作者：Peter J. Verardi, Elizabeth A. Ryutov, Poulami Mukherjee, Remy Lalisse, Karina Targos, Tetsuya Inagaki, et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adv7630

▲摘要：C-H键的立体选择性官能化是现代有机合成中的一个核心挑战。尽管C-H活化化学已历经几十年的创新，但合成化学家仍未实现烯烃的Z选择性官能化策略。末端烯烃对Z选择性构成了最大的挑战，因其需要选择性裂解两个几乎相同的C-H键中位阻更大的键。

研究组描述了烯烃转化为经过Z选择性消除的瞬态1,2-双锍中间体，通过稳定相互作用颠覆了教科书级的E2立体选择性规则。他们将配对电解确定为一种使能策略，既可以选择性地产生所需的双锍中间体，又可将其在原位快速消除。

由此产生的Z-烯基锍关键体通过稳健的交叉偶联反应，从廉价的原料中获得广泛的Z-烯烃目标。

▲ Abstract：The stereoselective functionalization of C–H bonds represents a central challenge in modern organic synthesis. Despite decades of innovation in C–H activation chemistry, methods for Z-selective functionalization of alkenes have eluded synthetic practitioners. Terminal alkenes present the biggest challenge for Z-selectivity as they require selective cleavage of the more hindered of two otherwise virtually identical C–H bonds. Herein, we describe the transformation of alkenes into transient 1,2-bis-sulfonium intermediates found to undergo Z-selective elimination, overturning a textbook E2 stereoselectivity rule through stabilizing interactions. We identify paired electrolysis as an enabling strategy to both selectively generate the requisite bis-sulfonium intermediate and drive its rapid elimination in situ. The resultant Z-alkenyl sulfonium linchpins provide access to a wide array of Z-alkene targets from inexpensive feedstocks through robust cross-coupling reactions.

High-capacity, reversible hydrogen storage using H–-conducting solid electrolytes

使用H-导电固体电解质的高容量可逆储氢

▲ 作者：Takashi Hirose, Naoki Matsui, Takashi Itoh, Yoyo Hinuma, Kazutaka Ikeda, Kazuma Gotoh, et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adw1996

▲摘要：固体中氢的吸附和脱附是电池和储氢装置中涉及的关键反应。然而，传统的使用高容量材料的热力学和电化学储氢技术存在脱氢温度高和电解质不稳定的问题。

研究组探索了氢离子（H-）驱动的电化学储氢，开发了一种具有优异H-导电性和电化学稳定性的固体电解质：反α-AgI型Ba0.5Ca0.35Na0.15H1.85。这种电解质与几种金属氢电极兼容，如氢化钛和氢化镁（MgH2），可在低温下实现高容量可逆储氢。

具体而言，Mg-H2电池作为储氢装置（Mg + H2 = MgH2）在90℃下实现了每克2030毫安时的可逆容量，实现了安全高效的氢-电转换和储氢装置。

▲ Abstract：Hydrogen absorption and desorption in solids are pivotal reactions involved in batteries and hydrogen storage devices. However, conventional thermodynamic and electrochemical hydrogen storage using high-capacity materials suffers from high hydrogen-desorption temperatures and instability of electrolytes. In this work, we explored electrochemical hydride ion (H–)–driven hydrogen storage and developed a solid electrolyte, anti–α-AgI–type Ba0.5Ca0.35Na0.15H1.85, which exhibits excellent H– conductivity and electrochemical stability. This electrolyte is compatible with several metal-hydrogen electrodes, such as titanim hydride and magnesium hydride (MgH2), allowing for high-capacity, reversible hydrogen storage at low temperatures. Specifically, Mg–H2 cells operating as hydrogen storage devices (Mg + H2 = MgH2) achieved a reversible capacity of 2030 milliampere hours per gram at 90°C, offering safe and efficient hydrogen-electricity conversion and hydrogen storage devices.

地球科学Earth Science

Crustal stresses and damage evolve throughout the seismic cycle of the Ridgecrest fault zone

地壳应力和破坏在里奇克雷斯特断裂带的整个地震周期中不断演化

▲ 作者：JARED BRYAN, WILLIAM B. FRANK AND PASCAL AUDET

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adu9116

▲摘要：地震通过断层和周围地壳的耦合演化，会突然释放出随时间缓慢积累的构造应力。地震波速跟踪地壳变形和应力变化，但典型的监测方法对浅层最敏感。

利用接收器函数，研究组跟踪了2019年里奇克雷斯特地震序列期间整个地壳破裂带波速和各向异性变化。浅层同震波速下降在数月内恢复，而更深层的震后波速下降持续数年，未见可测量的恢复。

深而持久的波速下降可能反映了震后变形驱动的累积损害，这提出了两种可能的情况：（i）波速和各向异性跟踪长期应力演化的缓慢震间恢复；或（ii）未成熟断裂带的永久变形。这两种情况都会影响地震周期的动力学和能量分配。

▲ Abstract：Earthquakes abruptly release tectonic stress that builds slowly over time through the coupled evolution of faults and the surrounding crust. Seismic wavespeeds track crustal deformation and stress changes, but typical monitoring methods are most sensitive to shallow depths. Using receiver functions, we tracked rupture-zone wavespeed and anisotropy changes throughout the crust during the 2019 Ridgecrest earthquake sequence. Shallow coseismic wavespeed reductions recovered within months, whereas a deeper postseismic wavespeed drop persisted without measurable recovery over several years. The deep, persistent wavespeed drop likely reflects accumulating damage driven by postseismic deformation, suggesting two possible scenarios: (i) a slow interseismic recovery where wavespeed and anisotropy track long-term stress evolution; or (ii) permanent deformation of an immature fault zone. Both scenarios affect the dynamics and energy budget of the seismic cycle.

More extreme Indian monsoon rainfall in El Niño summers

厄尔尼诺夏季印度季风降雨更极端

▲ 作者：SPENCER A. HILL, DESTINY ZAMIR MEYERS, ADAM H. SOBEL, MICHELA BIASUTTI, MARK A. CANE, MICHAEL K. TIPPETT, ET AL.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adg5577

▲摘要：印度夏季季风期间的极端降雨对这个世界第三大经济体和人口最多的国家造成破坏性和致命性的影响。

虽然已知赤道太平洋的厄尔尼诺现象抑制了整个印度的夏季总降雨量，但研究组使用1901~2020年的观测数据表明，与直觉相反，它们同时加剧了极端日降雨量。该现象部分归因于对流浮力的极端日值增加，前提是考虑到近地面空气的未稀释不稳定性以及与上层干燥空气混合而产生的稀释。

厄尔尼诺可能会在其他热带地区引发类似的变化，该框架可进一步应用于每小时极值的变化、其他内部变率模式，以及气候变化驱动的强迫趋势。

▲ Abstract：Extreme rainfall during the Indian summer monsoon can be destructive and deadly to the world’s third-largest economy and most populous country. Although El Ni?o events in the equatorial Pacific are known to suppress total summer rainfall throughout India, we show using observational data spanning 1901 to 2020 that, counterintuitively, they simultaneously intensify extreme daily rainfall. This is partly driven by increases in extreme daily values of convective buoyancy, provided that both the undilute instability of near-surface air and the dilution by mixing with drier air above are considered. El Ni?o could plausibly drive similar changes in other tropical regions, and our framework could be further applied to changes in hourly extremes, to other internal variability modes, and to forced trends under climate change.