近日，中国科学院福建物质结构研究所陈俊翔团队报道了探测电双层的非平衡动力学。这一研究成果于2026年9月2日发表在《自然》杂志上。

带电固-液界面是生物和电化学系统中能量与物质转换的核心，其中强局域电场主导着反应动力学。然而，在涉及快速电荷转移和远离平衡动力学的真实电催化条件下，学界对双电层（EDL）的分子结构和演化仍知之甚少。经典的EDL模型是在平衡和非反应条件下推导得出的，无法捕捉反应界面处涌现的界面过程。

研究组开发了一个集成实验-计算框架，以直接解析析氢反应（HER）条件下的EDL动力学。化学稳定的纳米结构Pt薄膜电极能够在增大的过电位下实现高灵敏度、时间分辨的表面增强红外吸收光谱（SEIRAS）测量，而机器学习分子动力学（MLMD）则能够捕捉纳秒时间尺度上的界面电荷涨落和溶剂动力学。这种联合方法揭示了内层非线性的两阶段演化，该演化增强了局域电场。时间分辨光谱还进一步揭示了循环电位调制过程中界面水的不可逆重构。

这些发现表明，在远离平衡的条件下，离子和界面水表现出异步响应，从而为理解静电势变化、离子的界面电致伸缩、电解质效应以及能源转换技术的合理电解质设计建立了定量的分子框架。

附：英文原文

Title: Probing far-from-equilibrium dynamics of electrical double layers

Author: Li, Xiao-Yu, Cai, Yu-Chen, Meng, Zhao-Dong, Jia, Ze-Tong, Sun, Yu-Chen, Ye, Jin-Yu, Tian, Na, Zhou, Zhi-You, Huang, Jun, Chen, Junxiang, Sun, Shi-Gang, Wang, Tao

Issue&Volume: 2026-09-02

Abstract: Electrified solid–liquid interfaces are central to energy and matter conversion in biological1 and electrochemical systems2,3,4, in which intense local electric fields govern reaction kinetics5,6,7,8,9. Yet, under realistic electrocatalytic conditions involving rapid charge transfer and far-from-equilibrium dynamics, the molecular structure and evolution of the electrical double layer (EDL) remain poorly understood. Classical EDL models, derived under equilibrium and non-reactive conditions, cannot capture the interfacial processes emerging at reactive interfaces10,11,12,13,14,15,16. Here we develop an integrated experimental–computational framework to directly resolve EDL dynamics under the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Chemically stable nanostructured Pt film electrodes enable high-sensitivity, time-resolved surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (SEIRAS) at increased overpotentials, whereas machine-learning molecular dynamics (MLMD) captures interfacial charge fluctuations and solvent dynamics over nanosecond timescales. This combined approach reveals a nonlinear, two-phase evolution of the inner layer that intensifies the local electric field. Time-resolved spectra further uncover irreversible restructuring of interfacial water during cyclic potential modulation. These findings show that ions and interfacial water respond asynchronously under the condition far from equilibrium, establishing a quantitative molecular framework for understanding electrostatic potential variations, interfacial electrostriction of ions17,18,19, electrolyte effects20,21,22,23,24 and rational electrolyte design for energy conversion technologies.

DOI: 10.1038/s41586-026-10986-7

Source: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10986-7