中国农业科学院张兴坦团队研究出多倍体基因组框架下甘蔗性状的遗传结构。2026年5月27日出版的《自然》发表了这项成果。

本文采用基于Pore-C的基因组组装算法对基础品种POJ2878进行了全阶段基因组组装。该组合分解了118条染色体，揭示了广泛的亚基因组重组和非同源染色体重排。利用血统鉴定和等位基因特异性表达谱，研究人员确定了育种者偏爱的单倍型，包括蔗糖含量增加的SUS2单倍型。对981份甘蔗材料进行重测序，追溯了POJ2878对现代栽培品种的普遍贡献，并确定了关键的驯化和改良基因。被选择的基因包括耐寒基因CBL1、细胞大小调节基因TIP1和分蘖控制基因TB1。

一项针对多倍体基因组的全基因组关联研究解决了与薄质细胞大小和蔗糖储存能力相关的位点，包括功能验证的蔗糖转运体Saccharum杂交SUT2。这些发现阐明了甘蔗生物量生产力和糖产量的遗传结构，为加快甘蔗和其他多倍体作物的改良提供了基因组基础，这些多倍体作物对全球粮食和生物能源安全至关重要。

据了解，甘蔗（糖精属）是一种重要的糖和生物能源作物，具有异常复杂的多倍体基因组（10-12组染色体）。这种复杂性是由致位化造成的，这是一个涉及种间杂交和重复回交的历史育种过程。然而，极端的倍性长期以来一直阻碍着阐明其相当大的蔗糖储存能力的遗传基础的努力。

附：英文原文

Title: Genetic architecture of sugarcane traits in a polyploid genomics framework

Author: Wang, Jungang, Li, Xiaofeng, Wang, Yibin, Lin, Jishan, Chen, Shuai, Liu, Hongbo, Chen, Xiao, Chai, Kun, Dong, Aoqian, Zhao, Tingting, Feng, Cuilian, Wu, Ruijie, Zhao, Ping, Zheng, Yaodong, Xia, Zhongqiang, Zhang, Shengcheng, Liu, Yi, Qu, Shenyang, Ye, Ziqi, Song, Yuhan, Deng, Qingyuan, Zeng, Xiaofei, Yu, Guangrun, Kong, Ran, Zhang, Baoqing, Zhang, Wei, Zhao, Peifang, Mao, Jun, Lu, Xin, Jia, Haifeng, Zhao, Xueting, Zhang, Qianqian, Zhang, Shuzhen, Cai, Wenwei, Huo, Dongao, Li, Ling, Gong, Yuqing, Huang, Shiqiang, Huang, Yongji, Yu, Zehuai, Deng, Zuhu, Chen, Baoshan, Zhang, Yuebin, Zhang, Muqing, Ming, Ray, Zhang, Xingtan

Issue&Volume: 2026-05-27

Abstract: Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is a vital sugar and bioenergy crop with an exceptionally complex polyploid genome (10–12 sets of chromosomes). This complexity resulted from nobilization—a historical breeding process involving interspecific hybridization and repeated backcrossing1. However, the extreme ploidy has long impeded efforts to elucidate the genetic basis of its considerable sucrose-storing capacity. Here we present a fully phased genome assembly of the foundational cultivar POJ2878, achieved using a Pore-C-based assembly algorithm. This assembly resolved 118 chromosomes, revealing extensive subgenome recombination and non-homologous chromosomal rearrangements. Using identity-by-descent and allele-specific expression profiling, we identified breeder-favoured haplotypes, including a SUS2 haplotype with enhanced sucrose content. Resequencing of 981 Saccharum accessions traced POJ2878’s pervasive contribution to modern cultivars and identified key domestication and improvement sweeps. Genes under selection include CBL1 for cold tolerance, TIP1 for cell size regulation and TB1 for tillering control. A genome-wide association study tailored for polyploid genomes resolved loci associated with parenchyma cell size and sucrose storage capacity, including the functionally validated sucrose transporter Saccharum hybrid SUT2. These findings clarify the genetic architecture underlying sugarcane’s biomass productivity and sugar yield, offering a genomic foundation for accelerating improvement in sugarcane and other polyploid crops critical for global food and bioenergy security.

DOI: 10.1038/s41586-026-10576-7

Source: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10576-7