近日，中国科学技术大学潘建伟团队揭示了8176个模式下1024个压缩态的高斯玻色子采样。2026年5月13日出版的《自然》杂志发表了这项成果。

大规模、高保真量子处理器的开发是一项基础性的科学挑战，对于探索经典计算的边界并推动容错系统的发展至关重要。高斯玻色采样不仅是展示量子计算优越性的重要模型，还能为容错量子计算生成玻色型纠错码。然而，其可扩展性一直受到日益庞大且复杂编码线路中显著光子损失的制约。

研究组展示了一款可编程光子量子处理器——“九章4.0”，它将1024个高效率压缩态集成到一个包含8176个模式的混合时空编码线路中。通过实现92%的光源效率和51%的系统总效率，该处理器产生的样本中探测事件最高达3050个光子，比先前演示的规模提升了一个数量级。该架构实现了连接数的立方级扩展（16³ = 4096），能够在约10²??¹维的希尔伯特空间中进行采样。

实验结果经过所有现有经典模拟方法的严格验证，尤其是近期为利用光子损失而设计的矩阵乘积态算法。在可编程低损耗量子处理器中操控数千个光子的能力，将实验前沿推进到远非经典计算可及的领域，并为万亿量子模三维团簇态和容错光子量子硬件开辟了道路。

附：英文原文

Title: Gaussian boson sampling with 1,024 squeezed states in 8,176 modes

Author: Liu, Hua-Liang, Su, Hao, Deng, Yu-Hao, Gong, Si-Qiu, Gu, Yi-Chao, Tang, Hao-Yang, Jia, Meng-Hao, Wei, Qian, Song, Yu-Kun, Wang, Dong-Zhou, Zheng, Ming-Yang, Chen, Fa-Xi, Li, Li-Bo, Ren, Si-Yu, Zhu, Xue-Zhi, Wang, Mei-Hong, Chen, Yao-Jian, Liu, Yan-Fei, Song, Long-Sheng, Yang, Peng-Yu, Chen, Jun-Shi, An, Hong, Zhang, Lei, Gan, Lin, Yang, Guang-wen, Xu, Jia-Min, He, Yu-Ming, Wang, Hui, Zhong, Han-Sen, Chen, Ming-Cheng, Jiang, Xiao, Li, Li, Liu, Nai-Le, Su, Xiao-Long, Zhang, Qiang, Lu, Chao-Yang, Pan, Jian-Wei

Issue&Volume: 2026-05-13

Abstract: The development of large-scale, high-fidelity quantum processors is a fundamental scientific challenge, essential for exploring the boundaries of classical computation and advancing towards fault-tolerant systems. Gaussian boson sampling not only serves as a prominent model for demonstrating quantum computational advantage1,2,3 but can also generate bosonic error-correcting codes for fault-tolerant quantum computing4,5,6. However, its scalability has been hindered by significant photon loss in increasingly large and complex encoding circuits. Here we show a programmable photonic quantum processor, Jiuzhang 4.0, which incorporates 1,024 high-efficiency squeezed states into a hybrid spatial–temporal encoded 8,176-mode circuit. By achieving 92% source efficiency and 51% overall system efficiency, the processor produces samples with detection events up to 3,050 photons, representing an order-of-magnitude increase in scale over previous demonstrations7,8,9,10. This architecture realizes a cubic scaling of connectivity (163 = 4, 096), enabling sampling within a Hilbert space of dimension approximately 102,461. The experimental results are rigorously validated against all current classical simulation methods, especially the matrix product state algorithms recently designed to exploit photon loss11. The ability to control thousands of photons in programmable low-loss quantum processors pushes the experimental frontier into a regime far beyond classical tractability and opens a pathway to trillion-qumode three-dimensional cluster states and fault-tolerant photonic quantum hardware.

DOI: 10.1038/s41586-026-10523-6

Source: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10523-6