近日，德国马克斯-普朗克量子光学研究所Franz, Titus团队研究了费米子原子的高保真碰撞量子门。相关论文发表在2026年4月8日出版的《自然》杂志上。

量子计算最有前景的应用之一是对电子结构和强关联量子相进行量子模拟。这些计算受益于原生费米子编码，能够强制执行费米子统计以及粒子数和磁化强度等守恒定律，从而不受门错误的影响。虽然光学晶格中的超冷原子已成为强关联费米子物质的有力模拟器，中性原子平台也同时发展为基于自旋的数字量子计算的多功能、可扩展架构。要统一这些能力，就需要为费米子原子实现高保真度的运动相干门，类似于玻色子体系中的碰撞门，从而为可编程费米子量子处理器铺平道路。

研究组展示了通过光学超晶格中费米子原子的受控相互作用，实现的保真度高达99.75(6)%的碰撞纠缠门，以及超过10秒的贝尔态寿命。利用量子气体显微镜，研究组对自旋交换和配对隧穿门进行了微观表征，并实现了一种鲁棒的复合配对交换门，这是量子化学模拟的关键构建模块。该研究结果确立了光学晶格中的受控碰撞作为在中性原子量子计算机中实现高纠缠门保真度的一条具有竞争力和互补性的途径。该能力天然与费米子协同工作，可自然扩展至多量子比特架构（其中费米子统计变得重要），从而在可扩展的模数混合量子模拟器中实现复杂的态制备和先进的读出。结合局域寻址能力，这些门标志着向着基于中性原子受控运动与纠缠的全数字费米子量子计算机迈出了关键一步。

附：英文原文

Title: High-fidelity collisional quantum gates with fermionic atoms

Author: Bojovi, Petar, Hilker, Timon, Wang, Si, Obermeyer, Johannes, Barendregt, Marnix, Tell, Dorothee, Chalopin, Thomas, Preiss, Philipp M., Bloch, Immanuel, Franz, Titus

Issue&Volume: 2026-04-08

Abstract: Quantum simulations of electronic structure and strongly correlated quantum phases are among the most promising applications of quantum computing. These computations benefit from native fermionic encodings1,2, enforcing fermionic statistics and conservation laws such as particle number and magnetization3 independent of gate errors. While ultracold atoms in optical lattices have become established as powerful analogue simulators of strongly correlated fermionic matter4,5,6,7, neutral-atom platforms have concurrently emerged as versatile, scalable architectures for spin-based digital quantum computation8. Unifying these capabilities requires high-fidelity motionally coherent gates for fermionic atoms9,10,11, similar to collisional gates in bosonic systems12,13, paving the way for programmable fermionic quantum processors. Here we demonstrate collisional entangling gates with fidelities up to 99.75(6)% and Bell-state lifetimes exceeding 10s, realized by means of controlled interactions of fermionic atoms in an optical superlattice. Using quantum gas microscopy14, we microscopically characterize spin-exchange and pair-tunnelling gates and realize a robust composite pair-exchange gate, a key building block for quantum chemistry simulations3,15. Our results establish controlled collisions in optical lattices as a competitive and complementary route to high entangling gate fidelities in neutral-atom quantum computers. Operating intrinsically with fermions, this capability naturally extends to many-qubit architectures, in which fermionic statistics become relevant, enabling complex state preparation and advanced readout16,17,18,19 in scalable analogue–digital hybrid quantum simulators. Combined with local addressing20,21, these gates mark a crucial step towards a fully digital fermionic quantum computer based on controlled motion and entanglement of neutral atoms.

DOI: 10.1038/s41586-026-10356-3

Source: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10356-3