近日，美国圣地亚哥州立大学Ignacio Sepúlveda团队报道了在2025年堪察加地震中，SWOT检测到与近海沟源有关的分散海啸。2026年3月26日出版的《科学》杂志发表了这项成果。

大型俯冲地震引发的海啸对沿海地区构成严重威胁，但其在海沟附近的生成机制一直受限于陆地地震大地测量数据及远海深水传感器的观测能力。在2025年7月29日堪察加半岛8.8级地震发生后，美国国家航空航天局（NASA）与法国国家空间研究中心（CNES）联合研制的“地表水与海洋地形”卫星（SWOT）捕捉到一组特征鲜明的短波长海啸波列，他们将其与近海沟区域的海啸生成过程联系起来。

地震滑动敏感性分析表明，海啸生成区位于海沟10公里范围内，这一推断无法仅凭陆地地震学、大地测量学或稀疏的深水海底压力记录得出。该研究结果首次通过高分辨率二维空间观测，直接将实测的频散海啸波场与近海沟海啸生成机制联系起来，拓展了此前基于模型与观测站的推断，确立了SWOT卫星作为约束震源过程的重要手段，对海啸灾害研究与俯冲带地球动力学具有重要意义。

附：英文原文

Title: SWOT detects dispersive tsunami tied to a near-trench source in the 2025 Kamchatka earthquake

Author: Ignacio Sepúlveda, Bjarke Nilsson, Yao Yu, Matías Carvajal, Matthew Brandin, Alice-Agnes Gabriel, David Sandwell

Issue&Volume: 2026-03-26

Abstract: Tsunamis from large subduction earthquakes pose severe coastal hazards, yet their genesis near the trench remains poorly constrained by land-based seismic geodetic data and distant deep-water sensors. Following the 29 July 2025 magnitude 8.8 Kamchatka earthquake, the NASA/CNES Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite captured a distinct train of short-wavelength tsunami waves, which we link to near-trench tsunamigenesis. Sensitivity analyses of earthquake slip indicated tsunamigenesis within 10 kilometers of the trench, an inference not attainable from land seismology and geodesy or sparse deep-water seafloor pressure records alone. These results provide the first high-resolution, two-dimensional spaceborne observation directly linking the measured dispersive tsunami wavefield to near-trench tsunamigenesis, extending earlier model- and gauge-based inferences. They establish SWOT as a constraint on source processes, with implications for tsunami hazard science and subduction-zone geodynamics.

DOI: aeb8634

Source: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aeb8634