清华大学李庆团队近日研究了中国细颗粒物排放的毒性控制。相关论文发表在2025年7月9日出版的《自然》杂志上。

细颗粒物(直径为2.5μm以下；PM_2.5)导致全球数百万人过早死亡，但并非所有颗粒都同样有害。当前以减少PM_2.5质量为重点的空气污染控制策略已经带来了相当大的健康效益，但基于各种排放强度毒性差异的进一步改进可能会带来更大的效益。

研究组将现场测量与空气质量模型相结合，以评估不同人为因素对PM_2.5的不同毒性。该研究结果显示，单位PM_2.5质量的毒性在主要地区之间存在很大差异，差异可达两个数量级。居民炉灶中固体燃料混合物产生的PM_2.5毒性最高，其次是冶金行业、刹车磨损、柴油车、汽油车、水泥行业和发电厂。研究组进一步分析了中国经毒性调整的PM_2.5排放和人口暴露的强度贡献。2005 - 2021年，PM_2.5质量和相对潜力调整排放量均大幅下降。

虽然工业生产对PM_2.5质量排放量的减少贡献了57.5%，但相对潜力调整排放量的减少是由住宅组合驱动的（约80%）。清洁空气政策在制定特定的排放控制法规时，应考虑PM_2.5的不同毒性。该研究提出了一个基于细胞毒性的PM_2.5减少框架，可以解决不同地区的特定健康风险，但需要进一步的流行病学研究来确认其与人类健康结果的相关性及其在公共政策中的应用。

附：英文原文

Title: Control of toxicity of fine particulate matter emissions in China

Author: Zheng, Haotian, Wu, Di, Wang, Shuxiao, Li, Xiangdong, Jin, Ling N., Zhao, Bin, Li, Shengyue, Sun, Yisheng, Dong, Zhaoxin, Wu, Qingru, Chen, Xiu, Liu, Yuzhe, Chen, Jianmin, Tian, Hezhong, Liu, Qian, Jiang, Jingkun, Kan, Haidong, He, Kebin, He, Hong, Chen, Chuncheng, Zhao, Jincai, Weichenthal, Scott, Ji, John S., Cohen, Aaron J., Hao, Jiming, Li, Qing

Issue&Volume: 2025-07-09

Abstract: Fine particulate matter (particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5μm or less; PM2.5) causes millions of premature deaths globally1, but not all particles are equally harmful2,3,4. Current air-pollution control strategies, prioritizing PM2.5 mass reduction, have provided considerable health benefits but further refinements based on differences in the toxicity of various emission sources may provide greater benefits5,6,7. Here we integrated field measurements with air-quality modelling to assess the unequal toxicities of PM2.5 from various anthropogenic sources. Our findings revealed that the toxicity per unit of PM2.5 mass differed substantially between major sources, differing by up to two orders of magnitude. PM2.5 from solid fuel combustion in residential stoves had the highest toxicity, followed by those from the metallurgy industry, brake wear, diesel vehicles, petrol vehicles, the cement industry and power plants. We further analysed the source contributions of toxicity-adjusted PM2.5 emissions and population exposures in China. From 2005 to 2021, both the PM2.5 mass and relative-potency-adjusted emissions substantially decreased. Although industrial sources contributed 57.5% to the reduction in PM2.5 mass emissions, the reduction in relative potency-adjusted emissions was driven by residential combustion (approximately 80%). Clean-air policies should consider the differing toxicities of PM2.5 when formulating source-specific emission control regulations. This study proposes a cellular toxicity-based framework for PM2.5 reduction that could address the specific health risks in diverse regions, but further epidemiological studies will be required to confirm their relevance to human health outcomes and their application to public policy.

DOI: 10.1038/s41586-025-09158-w

Source: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09158-w