近日，印度国家基础科学中心Ananya Chakraborty团队研究了多量子纠缠的可扩展和抗噪声通信优势。2025年3月20日，《物理评论A》杂志发表了这一成果。

分布式计算涉及多个服务器在指定计算上协作，在优化服务器间通信方面面临着关键挑战，这是通信复杂性研究的核心问题。量子资源在应对这一挑战方面比经典方法具有优势。

在这项工作中，课题组研究了一个具有多个发送方和单个接收方的分布式计算场景，建立了多方量子纠缠在降低通信复杂性方面的可扩展优势。具体来说，他们证明了当接收器和发送器共享多量子比特Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger（GHZ）状态时——这是真正的多方纠缠的典型形式——分布式输入的某些全局函数可以通过每个发送器的一位经典通信来计算。

相比之下，在没有纠缠的情况下，除了一个发送者之外，所有发送者都需要两个比特的通信。因此，量子纠缠为n发送者减少了n-1比特的通信开销，允许随着发送者数量的增加进行任意缩放。研究组还表明，基于纠缠的协议在白噪声下表现出显著的鲁棒性，从而为实验实现这一量子优势奠定了基础。

附：英文原文

Title: Scalable and noise-robust communication advantage of multipartite quantum entanglement

Author: Ananya Chakraborty, Ram Krishna Patra, Kunika Agarwal, Samrat Sen, Pratik Ghosal, Sahil Gopalkrishna Naik, Manik Banik

Issue&Volume: 2025/03/20

Abstract: Distributed computing, involving multiple servers collaborating on designated computations, faces a critical challenge in optimizing interserver communication—an issue central to the study of communication complexity. Quantum resources offer advantages over classical methods in addressing this challenge. In this work, we investigate a distributed computing scenario with multiple senders and a single receiver, establishing a scalable advantage of multipartite quantum entanglement in mitigating communication complexity. Specifically, we demonstrate that when the receiver and the senders share a multiqubit Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state—a quintessential form of genuine multipartite entanglement—certain global functions of the distributed inputs can be computed with only one bit of classical communication from each sender. In contrast, without entanglement, two bits of communication are required from all but one sender. Consequently, quantum entanglement reduces communication overhead by n1 bits for n senders, allowing for arbitrary scaling with an increasing number of senders. We also show that the entanglement-based protocol exhibits significant robustness under white noise, thereby establishing the potential for experimental realization of this quantum advantage.

DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.111.032617

Source: https://journals.aps.org/pra/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevA.111.032617