近日，美国约翰逊航天中心的Stuart P. George及其研究小组与德国宇航中心(DLR)的Thomas Berger等人合作并取得一项新进展。经过不懈努力，他们实现阿尔忒弥斯1号月球任务期间的空间辐射测量。相关研究成果已于2024年9月18日在国际权威学术期刊《自然》上发表。

本文报道了在无人驾驶的阿耳忒弥斯一号月球任务中，对重重防护的猎户座飞船进行的辐射测量结果。在飞船内部的不同屏蔽位置，观测到在质子带穿越期间（与大型参考太阳粒子事件相似）的剂量率存在四倍差异。在猎户座飞船内观测到的行星际宇宙射线剂量当量率比以往观测结果低多达60%。此外，飞船在质子带穿越期间改变方向，导致辐射剂量率降低了约50%。这些测量结果验证了猎户座飞船在未来载人探测任务中的适用性，并为未来载人航天任务的设计提供了信息。

据悉，太空辐射是长期载人航天飞行中一个值得注意的危害。相关风险包括癌症、白内障、退行性疾病以及大剂量急性暴露引起的组织反应。太空辐射源自多种源头，包括银河宇宙射线、捕获粒子（范艾伦）带以及太阳粒子事件。以往的辐射数据来自处于低地球轨道、受到厚重屏蔽层和地球磁场保护的国际空间站和航天飞机，以及屏蔽较少的行星际机器人探测器，如火星科学实验室和月球勘测轨道飞行器。阿波罗任务提供的有限数据，以及带有大量警告的地面测量结果也可供参考。

附：英文原文

Title: Space radiation measurements during the Artemis I lunar mission

Author: George, Stuart P., Gaza, Ramona, Matthi, Daniel, Laramore, Diego, Lehti, Jussi, Campbell-Ricketts, Thomas, Kroupa, Martin, Stoffle, Nicholas, Marsalek, Karel, Przybyla, Bartos, Abdelmelek, Mena, Aeckerlein, Joachim, Bahadori, Amir A., Barzilla, Janet, Dieckmann, Matthias, Ecord, Michael, Egeland, Ricky, Eronen, Timo, Fry, Dan, Jones, Bailey H., Hellweg, Christine E., Houri, Jordan, Hirsh, Robert, Hirvonen, Mika, Hovland, Scott, Hussein, Hesham, Johnson, A. Steve, Kasemann, Moritz, Lee, Kerry, Leitgab, Martin, McLeod, Catherine, Milstein, Oren, Pinsky, Lawrence, Quinn, Phillip, Riihonen, Esa, Rohde, Markus, Rozhdestvenskyy, Sergiy, Saari, Jouni, Schram, Aaron, Straube, Ulrich, Turecek, Daniel, Virtanen, Pasi, Waterman, Gideon, Wheeler, Scott, Whitman, Kathryn, Wirtz, Michael, Vandewalle, Madelyn, Zeitlin, Cary, Semones, Edward, Berger, Thomas

Issue&Volume: 2024-09-18

Abstract: Space radiation is a notable hazard for long-duration human spaceflight. Associated risks include cancer, cataracts, degenerative diseases and tissue reactions from large, acute exposures. Space radiation originates from diverse sources, including galactic cosmic rays, trapped-particle (Van Allen) belts and solar-particle events. Previous radiation data are from the International Space Station and the Space Shuttle in low-Earth orbit protected by heavy shielding and Earth’s magnetic field and lightly shielded interplanetary robotic probes such as Mars Science Laboratory and Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. Limited data from the Apollo missions and ground measurements with substantial caveats are also available. Here we report radiation measurements from the heavily shielded Orion spacecraft on the uncrewed Artemis I lunar mission. At differing shielding locations inside the vehicle, a fourfold difference in dose rates was observed during proton-belt passes that are similar to large, reference solar-particle events. Interplanetary cosmic-ray dose equivalent rates in Orion were as much as 60% lower than previous observations9. Furthermore, a change in orientation of the spacecraft during the proton-belt transit resulted in a reduction of radiation dose rates of around 50%. These measurements validate the Orion for future crewed exploration and inform future human spaceflight mission design.

DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07927-7

Source: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07927-7