法国巴黎大学Ludovic Orlando和Pablo Librado共同合作，近期取得重要工作进展。他们研究提出，欧亚大陆在公元前2200年左右出现了以马为基础的广泛流动性。相关研究成果2024年6月6日在线发表于《自然》杂志上。

据介绍，马以其快速的机动性彻底改变了人类历史。然而，它们的驯化和作为一种交通工具的广泛融合之间的时间表仍然存在争议。

研究人员收集了475个古代马的基因组，以评估这些动物在欧亚大陆首次被人类机构重塑的时期。研究人员发现，通过近亲交配和缩短世代时间，现代家庭血统的生殖控制在公元前2200年左右（共同时代之前）出现。繁殖控制是在公元前2700年左右开始的一个严重的驯化瓶颈之后出现的，与欧亚大陆的突然扩张相吻合，最终导致几乎所有当地马谱系的更替。

这种扩张标志着人类历史上广泛的以马为基础的流动性的兴起，这驳斥了人们普遍认为的在公元前3000年及更早的时候，伴随着草原民族在欧洲各地的大规模迁徙而来的大型马群的说法。最后，研究人员在公元前3500年左右的博泰发现了明显缩短的世代时间，这是中亚的一个定居点，与畜栏和以马为中心的自给经济有关。这支持了在现代家畜血统兴起之前当地的养马业。

附：英文原文

Title: Widespread horse-based mobility arose around 2,200 BCE in Eurasia

Author: Librado, Pablo, Tressires, Gaetan, Chauvey, Lorelei, Fages, Antoine, Khan, Naveed, Schiavinato, Stphanie, Calvire-Tonasso, Laure, Kusliy, Mariya A., Gaunitz, Charleen, Liu, Xuexue, Wagner, Stefanie, Der Sarkissian, Clio, Seguin-Orlando, Andaine, Perdereau, Aude, Aury, Jean-Marc, Southon, John, Shapiro, Beth, Bouchez, Olivier, Donnadieu, Ccile, Collin, Yvette Running Horse, Gregersen, Kristian M., Jessen, Mads Dengs, Christensen, Kirsten, Claudi-Hansen, Lone, Pruvost, Mlanie, Pucher, Erich, Vulic, Hrvoje, Novak, Mario, Rimpf, Andrea, Turk, Peter, Reiter, Simone, Brem, Gottfried, Schwall, Christoph, Barrey, ric, Robert, Cline, Degueurce, Christophe, Horwitz, Liora Kolska, Klassen, Lutz, Rasmussen, Uffe, Kveiborg, Jacob, Johannsen, Niels Nrkjr, Makowiecki, Daniel, Makarowicz, Przemysaw, Szeliga, Marcin, Ilchyshyn, Vasyl, Rud, Vitalii, Romaniszyn, Jan, Mullin, Victoria E., Verdugo, Marta, Bradley, Daniel G., Cardoso, Joo L., Valente, Maria J., Antunes, Miguel Telles, Ameen, Carly, Thomas, Richard, Ludwig, Arne, Marzullo, Matilde, Prato, Ornella, Gianni, Giovanna Bagnasco, Tecchiati, Umberto, Granado, Jos, Schlumbaum, Angela, Deschler-Erb, Sabine, Mrz, Monika Schernig, Boulbes, Nicolas, Gardeisen, Armelle, Mayer, Christian, Dhle, Hans-Jrgen, Vicze, Magdolna, Kosintsev, Pavel A.

Issue&Volume: 2024-06-06

Abstract: Horses revolutionized human history with fast mobility1. However, the timeline between their domestication and widespread integration as a means of transportation remains contentious2–4. Here we assemble a large collection of 475 ancient horse genomes to assess the period when these animals were first reshaped by human agency in Eurasia. We find that reproductive control of the modern domestic lineage emerged ~2,200 BCE (Before Common Era), through close kin mating and shortened generation times. Reproductive control emerged following a severe domestication bottleneck starting no earlier than ~2,700 BCE, and coincided with a sudden expansion across Eurasia that ultimately resulted in the replacement of nearly every local horse lineage. This expansion marked the rise of widespread horse-based mobility in human history, which refutes the commonly-held narrative of large horse herds accompanying the massive migration of steppe peoples across Europe ~3,000 BCE and earlier3,5. Finally, we detect significantly shortened generation times at Botai ~3,500 BCE, a settlement from Central Asia associated with corrals and a subsistence economy centered on horses6,7. This supports local horse husbandry before the rise of modern domestic bloodlines.

DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07597-5

Source: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07597-5