德国马克斯·普朗克演化人类学研究所Johannes Krause等研究人员合作发现，最早的现代人基因组限制尼安德特人基因混合的时间。2024年12月12日，《自然》杂志在线发表了这项成果。

研究人员通过分析来自德国Ranis Ilsenhöhle的约4.5万年前遗骸的一个高覆盖度基因组和五个低覆盖度基因组，以及来自Zlatý k?ň的另一个高覆盖度基因组，深入了解早期现代人。研究人员发现Ranis和Zlatý k?ň的个体之间存在远亲关系，他们是同一个小而孤立的群体的一部分，代表了从“走出非洲”谱系中已知的最早分支。

Ranis基因组包含尼安德特人的片段，这些片段源自一个单一的基因混合事件，与所有非洲以外的群体共享，研究人员将这一事件的时间定为大约4.5万至4.9万年前。这意味着，至今所有非洲以外被测序的非洲裔祖先曾在这一时期生活在一个共同的群体中，进一步推测，50000年前或更早的来自非洲以外的现代人类遗骸代表的是不同的非洲以外群体。

研究人员表示，现代人类在4万5千多年前抵达欧洲，与尼安德特人至少重叠了5000年。来自这些早期现代人的基因组数据有限，但已经显示至少有两个基因上具有差异的群体居住在欧洲，分别以捷克的Zlatý k?ň和保加利亚的Bacho Kiro为代表。

附：英文原文

Title: Earliest modern human genomes constrain timing of Neanderthal admixture

Author: Smer, Arev P., Rougier, Hlne, Villalba-Mouco, Vanessa, Huang, Yilei, Iasi, Leonardo N. M., Essel, Elena, Mesa, Alba Bossoms, Furtwaengler, Anja, Peyrgne, Stphane, de Filippo, Cesare, Rohrlach, Adam B., Pierini, Federica, Mafessoni, Fabrizio, Fewlass, Helen, Zavala, Elena I., Mylopotamitaki, Dorothea, Bianco, Raffaela A., Schmidt, Anna, Zorn, Julia, Nickel, Birgit, Patova, Anna, Posth, Cosimo, Smith, Geoff M., Ruebens, Karen, Sinet-Mathiot, Virginie, Stoessel, Alexander, Dietl, Holger, Orschiedt, Jrg, Kelso, Janet, Zeberg, Hugo, Bos, Kirsten I., Welker, Frido, Weiss, Marcel, McPherron, Shannon, Schler, Tim, Hublin, Jean-Jacques, Velemnsk, Petr, Brek, Jaroslav, Peter, Benjamin M., Meyer, Matthias, Meller, Harald, Ringbauer, Harald, Hajdinjak, Mateja, Prfer, Kay, Krause, Johannes

Issue&Volume: 2024-12-12

Abstract: Modern humans arrived in Europe more than 45,000 years ago, overlapping at least 5,000 years with Neanderthals1–4. Limited genomic data from these early modern humans have shown that at least two genetically distinct groups inhabited Europe, represented by Zlaty kň, Czechia3 and Bacho Kiro, Bulgaria2. Here we deepen our understanding of early modern humans by analyzing one high-coverage genome and five low-coverage genomes from ~45,000 year-old remains from Ilsenhhle in Ranis, Germany4, and a further high-coverage genome from Zlaty kň. We show that distant familial relationships link the Ranis and Zlaty kň individuals and that they were part of the same small, isolated population that represents the deepest known split from the Out-of-Africa lineage. Ranis genomes harbor Neanderthal segments that originate from a single admixture event shared with all non-Africans that we date to ~45,000-49,000 years ago. This implies that ancestors of all non-Africans sequenced to-date resided in a common population at this time, and further suggests that modern human remains older than 50,000 years from outside Africa represent different non-African populations.

DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-08420-x

Source: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08420-x