编译|李言

Science, 24 Sep 2026, VOL 393, ISSUE 6818

《科学》2026年9月24日，第393卷，6818期

材料科学Material Sciences

2D theoretically twistable material database

二维理论可扭转材料数据库

▲ 作者：Yi Jiang, Urko Petralanda et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adu1550

▲摘要：

对扭转层产生莫尔超晶格的扭转二维材料的研究，为研究拓扑相和强关联物理创造了机会。然而，看似无限的扭转二维材料集合的更广泛潜力仍很大程度上未被探索。

研究者将“理论可扭转材料”定义为允许构建其莫尔结构简单连续模型单层或多层结构。高通量算法基于拓扑二维材料数据库，系统性地搜索理论可扭转的半金属和绝缘体。

通过分析关键电子性质，研究者识别出数千种候选材料，提出了代表性的可扭转材料，并为其中几种提供了晶体生长和剥离的实例。研究结果为莫尔系统的未来实验和理论研究提供了一个资源库。

▲ Abstract：

The study of twisted two-dimensional (2D) materials, in which twisting layers create moiré superlattices, has created opportunities for investigating topological phases and strongly correlated physics. The broader potential of a seemingly infinite set of twistable 2D materials remains largely unexplored. Here, we define “theoretically twistable materials” as single- or multilayer structures that allow for the construction of simple continuum models of their moiré structures. Our high-throughput algorithm systematically searches for theoretically twistable semimetals and insulators based on the Topological 2D Materials Database (2D-TQCDB). By analyzing key electronic properties, we identify thousands of candidate materials, propose representative twistable materials, and provide examples of crystal growth and exfoliation for several of them. Our results provide a resource for future experimental and theoretical studies of moiré systems.

化学Chemistry

Embracing triplet nitrenes for C-to-N replacement of complex bicyclic (hetero)aryl azides

利用三重态氮宾实现复杂双环（杂）芳基叠氮化物的碳—氮替换

▲ 作者：Dong-Il Park, Johanna M. Masterson et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aef3511

▲摘要：

尽管近期已有概念验证性进展，芳香碳—氮替换反应仍具有底物特异性，且过度依赖苛刻的氧化方法，这使其无法在要求严苛的场景中应用。

尤其是依赖单重态氮宾价键异构化的转化，一直受到竞争性系间窜越至三重态自旋态的困扰，而三重态不发生相同的重排。

研究者报道了一种反应，能够有效利用三重态芳基氮宾，在一系列双环杂芳烃的苯环上进行碳—氮替换。该反应在温和条件下进行，使其能够应用于复杂、敏感天然产物。

▲ Abstract：

Despite recent proof-of-concept advances, aromatic carbon-to-nitrogen replacement reactions remain substrate specific and exhibit an overreliance on harsh oxidation methods that preclude their deployment in demanding contexts. Transformations relying on singlet nitrene valence isomerization, in particular, have suffered from competitive intersystem crossing to the triplet spin state, which does not undergo the same rearrangement. In this work, we report a reaction that productively engages triplet aryl nitrenes for carbon-to-nitrogen replacement on the benzenoid ring of a range of bicyclic heteroarenes, including naphthalenes, anthracene, indoles, benzofurans, benzothiophene, indazoles, and benzisothiazoles. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions, which enables its application to complex, sensitive natural products.

医学Medicine

Fibroblasts restrain gut inflammation by IGF1-dependent regulation of innate lymphocytes

成纤维细胞通过IGF1依赖性调控固有淋巴细胞抑制肠道炎症

▲ 作者：Qingxia Lin, Ruichao E. Liu et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aei0062

▲摘要：

成纤维细胞在慢性炎症性疾病中表现出表型和功能异质性，但这些变化如何影响免疫结局仍知之甚少。研究者发现，在炎症性肠病患者中，表达胰岛素样生长因子1（IGF1）的成纤维细胞群体减少。

利用小鼠肠道炎症模型，研究者发现了表达IGF1的成纤维细胞与3型固有淋巴细胞（ILC3）之间的交互对话。IGF1刺激限制了ILC3产生C-X-C基序趋化因子配体10（CXCL10）以及招募浆细胞样树突状细胞（pDC）以抑制肠道炎症的能力。

研究者提出，这一调控通路在人类ILC3中保守，但在IBD中可能受损。研究结果明确了抗炎成纤维细胞通过调控固有淋巴细胞-pDC轴来保护肠道。

▲ Abstract：

Fibroblasts exhibit phenotypic and functional heterogeneity in chronic inflammatory diseases, but how these changes impact immune outcomes remains poorly understood. We identified that a fibroblast population expressing insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) was reduced in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Using mouse models of intestinal inflammation, we found cross-talk between IGF1-expressing fibroblasts and group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s). IGF1 stimulation limited the ability of ILC3s to produce C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) and recruit plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) to restrain gut inflammation. We propose that this regulatory pathway is conserved in human ILC3s but may become impaired in IBD. Our results define that anti-inflammatory fibroblasts safeguard the gut through regulation of an innate lymphocyte–pDC axis.

生物学Biology

Ancient introgression drives wild boar expansion and phenotypic diversification of domestic pigs

古代基因渗入驱动野猪扩张与家猪表型多样性

▲ 作者：Jian-Hai Chen, Xiaoyong Du et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq7553

▲摘要：

尽管野猪种群广泛分布于欧亚大陆，但其起源、扩散路线和表型演化仍不确定。研究者利用代表欧亚大陆各地区的745个基因组，证明野猪在更新世中期从南亚向外扩张。

此次扩张之前，在约300万至500万年前的上新世，南亚曾发生一次来自古老猪亚科谱系的基因渗入，将一个约43兆碱基的X染色体单倍型引入祖先野猪种群。

该单倍型包含与体型增大和适应寒冷气候相关的位点。在驯化过程中，这一区域至少被独立选择三次，以培育出现代大体型品种。研究发现揭示了这一古代基因渗入的持久演化遗产，它提供了后来被自然选择和人工选择塑造的遗传材料。

▲ Abstract：

Despite the ubiquity of wild boar populations across Eurasia, their origins, routes of dispersal, and phenotypic evolution remain uncertain. Here, using 745 genomes representing populations across Eurasia, we demonstrate that wild boar expanded from South Asia during the Middle Pleistocene. This expansion was preceded by a Pliocene introgression (~3 to 5 million years ago) in South Asia from an archaic Suinae lineage that introduced a ~43 megabase X-chromosomal haplotype into the ancestral wild boar population. This haplotype includes loci associated with increased body size and adaptation to cold climates. During domestication, this region was selected at least three times independently to develop modern large-bodied breeds. Our findings reveal a long-lasting evolutionary legacy of this ancient introgression, which provided genetic material that was later shaped by natural and artificial selection.

动物学Zoology

Neural evidence that dogs segment the speech they hear with a humanlike consonant bias

神经证据表明狗以类人的辅音偏好切分所听到的语音

▲ 作者：Boglárka Morvai, Kinga G. Tóth et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adw7709

▲摘要：

在许多人类语言中，辅音比元音承载更多的词汇信息。在语音切分过程中，与人类不同，非人灵长类更依赖辅音模式而非元音模式，尽管元音在声学上更为显著。

为探究这种辅音偏好是仅人类独有，还是也可能出现在其他接触人类语音的物种中，研究者对人类和狗进行了非侵入性脑电图记录。试次间相干性对神经夹带的测量以及事件相关电位显示，在两个物种中，与元音结构流相比，辅音结构流引发了更强的词级追踪。

这表明，狗与人类相似，在切分所听到的语音时表现出辅音偏好。基于语言规律的处理偏好因而也可能出现在一个不说话、但接触语音的物种中。

▲ Abstract：

Across many human languages, consonants carry more lexical information than vowels. During speech segmentation, humans, unlike nonhuman primates, rely more on consonant than vowel patterns, despite vowels’ greater acoustic saliency. To investigate whether this consonant bias is specific to humans or could also emerge in other species exposed to human speech, we performed noninvasive electroencephalography in humans and dogs. Intertrial coherence measures of neural entrainment and event-related potentials revealed enhanced word-level tracking for consonant- compared with vowel-structured streams in both species. This suggests that dogs, similar to humans, exhibit consonant bias when segmenting the speech they hear. Linguistic regularity–based processing biases can thus also emerge in a nonspeaking species exposed to speech.

How 8 years of social and individual learning interact to shape ecological competence in orangutans

8年社会学习与个体学习的相互作用如何塑造红毛猩猩的生态能力

▲ 作者：T. Revathe, Marie-Theres Weidling, Sri Suci Utami-Atmoko et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adz6415

▲摘要：

文化学习贯穿人类技能与知识的获取过程。为理解其对非人类猿类的重要性，研究者分析了野生红毛猩猩8年依赖期内近7000条社会学习与个体学习的行为记录，以评估二者对生态胜任力的综合影响——生态胜任力对独立生存至关重要。

社会学习的频率是个体学习的五倍，且其影响可持续数小时，作用于后续学习。未成年红毛猩猩的学习倾向存在显著个体差异，而那些社会学习和个体学习倾向都较高的个体，在独立时发展出最广泛的食谱。

此外，当个体学习水平较低时，社会学习对食谱范围的发展具有补偿效应。研究发现推进了文化演化科学，揭示了多年的社会学习与个体学习如何相互作用，塑造类人猿广泛的生态适应能力。

▲ Abstract：

Cultural learning permeates human skill and knowledge acquisition. To understand its importance for nonhuman apes, we analyzed just under 7000 records of behavioral bouts of social and individual learning across wild orangutans’ 8-year dependency period to assess their combined effects on ecological competence, which is crucial for independent survival. Social learning was five times more frequent than individual learning and influenced subsequent learning for hours. Immature orangutans varied substantially in their learning propensities, and those with heightened social and individual learning propensities developed the most expansive diet profiles at independence. Furthermore, social learning had a compensatory effect on diet profile development when individual learning was low. Our findings advance the science of cultural evolution by showing how multiyear social and individual learning interact to shape great apes’ broad ecological competence.