编译|未玖

Nature, 16 April 2026, Volume 652, Issue 8110

《自然》2026年4月16日，第652卷，8110期

人工智能Artificial Intelligence

Language models transmit behavioural traits through hidden signals in data

语言模型通过数据中的隐藏信号传递行为特征

▲ 作者：Alex Cloud, Minh Le, James Chua, Jan Betley, Anna Sztyber-Betley, S?ren Mindermann, et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10319-8

▲摘要：

大语言模型（LLMs）被广泛用于生成数据，以训练性能更优的模型，但目前尚未明确在此类模型蒸馏过程中究竟传输了哪些特性。

研究组表明，蒸馏过程会引发潜意识学习——即通过语义无关的数据传递行为特征。在该核心实验中，具备某一特征T（例如过度生成偏好猫头鹰的回答，或表现出广泛错位行为）的“教师”模型，生成了仅由数字序列构成的数据集。值得注意的是，在严格剔除所有与特征T相关信息的前提下，基于这些数据训练的“学生”模型依然习得特征T。

从更现实的角度看，当教师模型生成数学推理轨迹或代码时，研究组同样观察到该现象。该效应仅在教师模型与学生模型采用相同（或行为匹配）基座模型时才会出现。为解释这一现象，研究组证明了一个理论结果，即神经网络在宽泛条件下会产生潜意识学习，并在简单的多层感知机（MLP）分类器中验证了该结论。

随着人工智能系统越来越多地基于彼此的输出进行训练，它们可能会继承数据本身无法观测到的属性。因此，安全评估不仅需要检验模型行为，还必须审查模型和训练数据的来源及其生成过程。

▲ Abstract：

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used to generate data to train improved models, but it remains unclear what properties are transmitted in this model distillation. Here we show that distillation can lead to subliminal learning—the transmission of behavioural traits through semantically unrelated data. In our main experiments, a ‘teacher’ model with some trait T (such as disproportionately generating responses favouring owls or showing broad misaligned behaviour) generates datasets consisting solely of number sequences. Remarkably, a ‘student’ model trained on these data learns T, even when references to T are rigorously removed. More realistically, we observe the same effect when the teacher generates math reasoning traces or code. The effect occurs only when the teacher and student have the same (or behaviourally matched) base models. To help explain this, we prove a theoretical result showing that subliminal learning arises in neural networks under broad conditions and demonstrate it in a simple multilayer perceptron (MLP) classifier. As artificial intelligence systems are increasingly trained on the outputs of one another, they may inherit properties not visible in the data. Safety evaluations may therefore need to examine not just behaviour, but the origins of models and training data and the processes used to create them.

物理学Physics

Protected quantum gates using qubit doublons in dynamical optical lattices

在动态光晶格中利用量子比特双占据态实现受保护的量子门

▲ 作者：Yann Kiefer, Zijie Zhu, Lars Fischer, Samuel Jele, Marius G?chter, Giacomo Bisson, et al.

▲ 链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10285-1

▲摘要：

量子计算是现代科学面临的一项核心挑战。光晶格中的中性原子已成为主流量子计算平台，其中碰撞门为量子逻辑操作提供了稳定机制。然而，以往实验均将超冷原子碰撞视为一种动态微调过程，这掩盖了对实现本征鲁棒操作至关重要的潜在量子几何特性与量子统计规律。

通过在动态光晶格中瞬时布居费米子原子的量子比特双占据态，研究组提出并通过实验验证了一种纯几何双量子比特SWAP门。这些双占据态的存在，结合费米子交换反对称性，能够实现双粒子量子和乐，即一种不含动力学相位的几何演化过程。

由此得到的量子门机制具备本征抗干扰能力，可抵御约束电势与非均匀性的涨落影响。哈密顿量的时间反演对称性与手征对称性进一步增强了该量子门的弹性。研究组通过实验验证了这种优异的保护特性，在由17000多个原子对组成的整个系统中，测得经损耗修正后的门操作幅度保真度高达99.91(7)%。

结合近期开发的原子输运拓扑泵浦方法，该研究成果为构建大规模、高连通性的量子处理器奠定了基础。该工作为量子逻辑操作建立了全新范式，将包括量子统计在内的基本对称性转化为容错量子计算的强大资源。

▲ Abstract：

Quantum computing represents a central challenge in modern science. Neutral atoms in optical lattices have emerged as a leading computing platform, with collisional gates offering a stable mechanism for quantum logic. However, previous experiments have treated ultracold collisions as a dynamically fine-tuned process, which obscures the underlying quantum geometry and quantum statistics crucial for realizing intrinsically robust operations. Here we propose and experimentally demonstrate a purely geometric two-qubit SWAP gate by transiently populating qubit doublon states of fermionic atoms in a dynamical optical lattice. The presence of these doublon states, together with fermionic exchange anti-symmetry, enables a two-particle quantum holonomy—a geometric evolution in which dynamical phases are absent. This yields a gate mechanism that is intrinsically protected against fluctuations and inhomogeneities of the confining potentials. The resilience of the gate is further reinforced by time-reversal and chiral symmetries of the Hamiltonian. We experimentally validate this exceptional protection, achieving a loss-corrected amplitude fidelity of 99.91(7)% measured across the entire system consisting of more than 17,000 atom pairs. When combined with recently developed topological pumping methods for atom transport, our results pave the way for large-scale, highly connected quantum processors. This work introduces a new model for quantum logic that transforms fundamental symmetries, including quantum statistics, into a powerful resource for fault-tolerant computation.

材料科学Materials Science

Maximizing carrier extraction in hybrid back-contact silicon solar cells

混合背接触硅太阳能电池中的载流子提取最大化

▲ 作者：Zilong Zheng, Xiqi Yang, Jiaxing Wang, Qinghua Zeng, Chaohua Zhang, Hong Zhang, et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10351-8

▲摘要：

混合背接触（BC）硅太阳能电池结合了隧穿氧化物钝化接触（TOPCon）衍生的n型接触、硅异质结（SHJ）衍生的p型接触以及交叉背接触（IBC）器件架构的优势。尽管已实现了27.8%的高效率，但人们尚未明确混合BC架构相较于传统BC电池（例如，消除前表面金属化遮挡）的基本优势。

研究组利用混合BC架构的设计灵活性，采用多功能前层同时实现光捕获和钝化。同时，还改善了背表面载流子选择接触的载流子收集能力和工艺兼容性。研究组还发现，最佳晶体硅（c-Si）吸收层厚度可增至160微米，实现工业兼容的c-Si太阳能电池的认证效率高达27.62%。

▲ Abstract：

Hybrid back-contact (BC) silicon solar cells combine the strengths of tunnel oxide passivated contact (TOPCon)-derived n-type contacts, silicon heterojunction (SHJ)-derived p-type contacts and interdigitated back-contact (IBC) device structures. Although high performance in the form of 27.8% efficiency has been demonstrated, the understanding of the fundamental advantages of the hybrid BC architecture over conventional BC cells (for example, eliminating front-surface metallization shading) remains unexplored. Here we take advantage of the design flexibility of the hybrid BC architecture to use a multifunctional front layer for both light trapping and passivation. Meanwhile, we improved carrier collection and process compatibility of the rear carrier-selective contacts. We also show that the optimal crystalline silicon (c-Si) absorber thickness is increased to 160?μm, leading to a certified efficiency of 27.62% for industrially compatible c-Si solar cells.

化学Chemistry

Imaging interface-controlled bulk oxygen spillover

界面控制的体相氧溢出成像

▲ 作者：Weijue Wang (王玮珏), Hongbin Xu (许泓斌), Shuhui Liu (刘淑慧), Xiaofeng Yang (杨小峰), Wei Liu (刘伟), Yang-Gang Wang (王阳刚), et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10324-x

▲摘要：

作为催化作用中的一个动态行为，溢流是指活性金属与其载体之间的物种扩散过程，在涉及氢气、氧气的反应中尤为典型。限域于催化剂表面的溢流已得到广泛研究；然而，目前尚不清楚体相催化剂是否通过非表面溢流参与反应。

研究组利用原位环境透射电子显微镜，对Ru/TiO2催化剂中的氧溢流行为进行实时追踪。结果发现，TiO2载体中的晶格氧并非通过传统认知的表面扩散，而是经由Ru/TiO2界面直接从TiO2基底迁移至负载的Ru颗粒。通过皮米级精度原子位移追踪证实，次表面TiO2晶格发生可逆应变，从而为氧传输提供通道。

金属—载体界面的结构适应性对调控氧溢流至关重要：该过程在Ru/金红石型TiO2中可被激活，而在Ru/锐钛矿型TiO2中则被抑制。实时原子级分辨结果表明，此类体相氧溢流通常在具有界面外延特性的负载型金属催化剂中普遍存在；同时也证明，理性设计金属—载体界面对于激活催化剂体相氧并使其参与反应具有重要意义。

▲ Abstract：

As one dynamic aspect of catalysis, spillover is known as species diffusion between an active metal and its support, especially in reactions involving hydrogen and oxygen. Spillover confined on the catalyst surface has been investigated extensively; however, it remains unclear whether the bulk catalyst participates in the reactions through non-surface spillover. Here we track the oxygen spillover in Ru/TiO2 catalysts using in situ environmental transmission electron microscopy. Lattice oxygen was found to transport directly from the TiO2 substrate to the supported Ru particles through the Ru/TiO2 interface instead of the traditionally expected surface diffusion11. As a result, the TiO2 lattice at the subsurface was strained reversibly to provide channels for oxygen transport, as detected by the picometre-precision tracing of atomic displacement. The structural adaptability at the metal–support interface is critical for controlling oxygen spillover, which is switched on in Ru/rutile-TiO2 but switched off in Ru/anatase-TiO2. As shown by the real-time atom-resolved evidence, this bulk oxygen spillover is generally viable in supported metal catalysts of an interfacial epitaxy nature and demonstrates the significance of rationally engineered metal–support interfaces for activating the oxygen in bulk catalyst to contribute to reactions.

Alcohol group migration by proximity-enhanced H atom abstraction

通过邻近增强的氢原子提取实现醇羟基迁移

▲ 作者：Qian Xu, Yichen Nie, Jacob-Jan Haaksma, Ronghua Zhang, Natalie Holmberg-Douglas, Farid van der Mei, et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10347-4

▲摘要：

分子结构的微小改变即可引发其功能的显著变化。然而，即便是细微的结构优化，往往也需要对目标分子进行重新全合成，这会显著增加分子设计研究的时间与成本。近年来，针对分子精细修饰的编辑方法逐渐兴起，包括原子取代、立体中心翻转以及官能团重定位等。这类精密工具有望通过微调分子结构来简化分子功能优化流程。

研究组报道了一种编辑合成方法，可将常见的醇官能团迁移至邻近位点，且可预测立体化学与区域选择性。该反应通过激发态十钨酸根阴离子促进的可逆氢原子转移催化，经由1,2-酰氧基自由基迁移步骤进行。底物与试剂之间通过非共价相互作用产生邻近效应，使得在极性不匹配位点仍能高效生成自由基。

将该方法应用于合成后期修饰，可实现醇官能团的精准重定位；若与常规醇羟基引入方法联用，则可为构建颇具挑战性的氧合模式提供全新合成策略。

▲ Abstract：

Subtle changes in molecular structure can lead to profound changes in molecular function. However, even minor structural refinements can require the complete resynthesis of a target molecule, adding time and cost to molecular design campaigns. Recently, editing methods have emerged targeting subtle molecular perturbations, including atomic substitution, stereocentre inversion and functional group repositioning. These precision tools hold the potential to streamline the optimization of molecular function by fine-tuning molecular structure. Here we report an editing method that enables the migration of common alcohol functional groups to proximal sites with predictable stereo- and regiochemical outcomes. The reaction proceeds through a 1,2-acyloxy radical migration step under reversible H atom transfer catalysis conditions promoted by the excited-state decatungstate polyanion. Proximity effects arising from non-covalent interactions between substrate and reagent enable efficient radical formation at polarity-mismatched positions. Application of this tool at a late synthetic stage allows for the precise repositioning of alcohol functional groups, whereas integration with common alcohol group installation methods provides new synthetic strategies to access challenging oxygenation patterns.

地球科学Earth Science

Sea level much higher than assumed in most coastal hazard assessments

海平面远高于大多数沿海灾害评估中的假设值

▲ 作者：Katharina Seeger & Philip S. J. Minderhoud

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10196-1

▲摘要：

海平面上升及其他灾害对全球海岸带的影响，取决于沿岸海平面高度与陆地高程。正确整合这两类数据对于可靠的海平面上升与海岸灾害影响评估至关重要，但往往未被充分重视或妥善实施。

研究组表明，超过99%的已评估影响研究均未恰当处理海平面与陆地高程数据，从而错误判断了海平面相对于海岸高程的位置。基于文献评估，90%的灾害评估研究采用大地水准面模型推算沿岸海平面，而非采用实测海平面数据。

研究组在全球范围内的荟萃分析显示：实测沿岸海平面高于大多数灾害评估中的假定值（两种常用大地水准面的平均偏差[标准差]分别为0.27m[0.76m]和0.24m[0.52m]）。区域层面，尤其在南半球，实测平均海平面可高出全球大地水准面1m以上，印太区域差异最为显著。

与基于大地水准面的沿岸海平面假定值相比，实测数据表明：假设相对海平面上升1m，低于海平面以下的土地将增加31%—37%，受影响人口增加48%—68%（预估7700万~1.32亿人）。该研究结果强调，亟需重新评估现有沿岸影响评估结果并完善学界研究标准，这可能对政策制定者、气候融资及沿岸适应策略具有重要参考意义。

▲ Abstract：

The impacts of sea-level rise and other hazards on the coasts of the world are determined by coastal sea-level height and land elevation. Correct integration of both aspects is fundamental for reliable sea-level rise and coastal hazard impact assessments, but is often not carefully considered or properly performed. Here we show that more than 99% of the evaluated impact assessments handled sea-level and land elevation data inadequately, thereby misjudging sea level relative to coastal elevation. Based on our literature evaluation, 90% of the hazard assessments assume coastal sea levels based on geoid models, rather than using actual sea-level measurements. Our meta-analyses on global scale show that measured coastal sea level is higher than assumed in most hazard assessments (mean offsets [standard deviation] of 0.27?m [0.76?m] and 0.24?m [0.52 m] for two commonly-used geoids). Regionally, predominantly in the Global South, measured mean sea level can be more than 1?m above global geoids, with the largest differences in the Indo-Pacific. Compared with geoid-based assumptions of coastal sea level, the measured values suggest that with a hypothetical 1?m of relative sea-level rise, 31–37% more land and 48–68% more people (increasing estimates to 77–132 million) would fall below sea level. Our results highlight the need for re-evaluation of existing coastal impact assessments and improvement of research community standards, with possible implications for policymakers, climate finance and coastal adaptation.