编译｜未玖

Nature, 12 November 2026, Volume 659 Issue 8140

《自然》，2026年11月12日，第659卷，8140期

天文学Astronomy

Independent interferometric observable confirms black hole shadow in M87*

独立干涉观测量证实了M87*中的黑洞阴影

▲ 作者：Samuel Lai, Nithyanandan Thyagarajan, O. Ivy Wong & Foivos Diakogiannis

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-11241-9

▲摘要：

当事件视界望远镜合作组织利用毫米波射电干涉测量合成出地球大小的孔径，并发表射电星系梅西耶87（M87）核心黑洞阴影的首张重建图像时，黑洞事件视界附近吸积动力学直接可视化的新纪元便开始了。该图像呈现为环状结构，代表位于星系核的中央超大质量黑洞M87*周围经过引力透镜效应和红移的辐射。

然而，由于采用了不同的数据分析和成像启发式方法，M87*精细尺度特征呈现出不同的表征，一些外部分析甚至质疑该源的基本环状形态。这些困难源于超长基线干涉测量的固有稀疏性，使干涉图像重建存在约束不足的问题。此外，该方案对仪器校准、后处理算法和成像超参数很敏感。

研究组将其开发的一种独立成像算法应用于M87*数据集，该算法不依赖规定性形态先验，并建立在不受仪器校准误差影响的可观测值之上。研究组重建了黑洞阴影图像，并清晰再现了其环状形态，在假定标称标度参数、喷流朝向观测者一侧的倾角约20°的观测条件下，测得其角直径为42.2±1.5微角秒，相当于65±5亿太阳质量的黑洞质量。

▲ Abstract：

A new epoch for direct visualization of accretion dynamics near the event horizon of a black hole began when the Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration synthesized an Earth-sized aperture with millimetre radio interferometry and published the first reconstructed image of a black hole shadow at the core of radio galaxy Messier?87 (M87). The image appeared as a ring-like structure, representing the gravitationally lensed and redshifted emission around the central supermassive black hole, M87*, located at the galactic nucleus. However, application of various data analysis and imaging heuristics resulted in divergent representations of M87* fine-scale features, with some external analyses even challenging the fundamental ring-like morphology of the source. Such difficulties arise as a consequence of the inherent sparsity of the very long baseline interferometry measurements, making interferometric image reconstruction an inadequately constrained problem. Moreover, the solution is sensitive to instrument calibration, post-processing algorithms and imaging hyperparameters. Here we apply an independent imaging algorithm that we have developed to the M87* dataset that is free from prescriptive morphological priors and founded on observables immune to instrument calibration errors. We reconstruct the black hole shadow image and unequivocally reproduce a ring-like morphology, with an angular diameter of 42.2?±?1.5?μas corresponding to a black hole mass of 6.5?±?0.5?billion solar masses assuming nominal scaling parameters, observed at an inclination angle of approximately 20° from the approaching jet.

物理学Physics

Hard X-ray attosecond metrology

硬X射线阿秒计量学

▲ 作者：Yanwen Sun, River Robles, Thomas M. Linker, Ying Chen, David Cesar, Matthieu Chollet, et al. 

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-11245-5

▲摘要：

亚埃空间分辨率与阿秒时间分辨率相结合，可直接观测物质中的电子运动。在X射线自由电子激光源处产生的阿秒硬X射线脉冲提供了观测所需的时空灵敏度，但其应用一直受限于缺乏精确的脉冲计量与控制。

研究组基于宽带X射线分延迟线，建立了阿秒硬X射线脉冲的计量方法。场相关测量首次实现了对脉冲相干时间的时域表征，并证明了所产生脉冲对之间的阿秒同步。通过利用非连续双光子吸收作为非线性探针，强度自相关将时域中的平均脉冲持续时间直接量化为170阿秒。

该研究所展示的实验工具和技术实现了系统化的阿秒时间分辨实验，包括X射线泵浦—X射线探针光谱学和衍射，有望实现以前所未有的时空分辨率探测电子现象。

▲ Abstract：

Sub-?ngstr?m spatial resolution combined with attosecond temporal resolution enables direct observation of electron motion in matter. Attosecond hard X-ray pulses generated at X-ray free-electron laser sources provide the requisite spatiotemporal sensitivity, yet their application has been limited by the absence of precise pulse metrology and control. Here, building on a broadband X-ray split-delay line, we establish metrology of attosecond hard X-ray pulses. Field-correlation measurements provide the first time-domain characterization of the pulse coherence time and demonstrate attosecond synchronization between the generated pulse pairs. By exploiting non-sequential two-photon absorption as a nonlinear probe, intensity autocorrelation quantifies the average pulse duration directly in the time domain to be 170?as. The demonstrated experimental tools and techniques enable systematic attosecond time-resolved experiments, including X-ray pump–X-ray probe spectroscopy and diffraction, and open a pathway to probing electronic phenomena with unprecedented spatial-temporal resolution.

材料科学Materials Science

Conjugation-regulated self-assembled molecules for tandem solar cells

共轭调控自组装分子助力叠层太阳能电池

▲ 作者：Zheng Fang, Zhijie Rao, Chongtao Liu, Lei Ding, Anqi Lv, Yuan Qin, et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-11226-8

▲摘要：

粗糙织构基底上的钙钛矿/硅叠层太阳能电池目前受限于自组装单分子层（SAM）设计中的一个关键权衡：提高分子共轭程度可增强导电性，但通常会导致不利的聚集，从而损害共形覆盖。

研究组采用理性设计的分子空间共轭来克服这一挑战，共轭引入定制的分子内扭曲以抑制过量的π-π堆积，同时不牺牲电荷传输效率。这种位阻调控有助于在粗糙金字塔织构上形成高度有序且共形的SAM。

通过协调分子堆积与界面覆盖，该定制化界面优化了能级排列以实现超快电荷提取，通过自适应构象调节增强了缺陷钝化，并可作为高质量钙钛矿薄膜生长的稳健模板。利用该界面，优化后的叠层器件实现了85%的显著填充因子（FF），并获得了35.1%的认证稳定功率转换效率（PCE）。

此外，该器件表现出优异的稳定性，在ISOS-L-1方案下老化1500小时后仍保持94%以上的初始性能。该研究结果为调和导电性与薄膜均匀性，同时最大化织构硅基底上叠层光伏器件的性能提供了一条清晰的分子工程路线。

▲ Abstract：

Perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells on rough textured substrates are at present limited by a critical trade-off in self-assembled monolayer (SAM) design because increasing molecular conjugation enhances conductivity but often leads to unfavourable aggregation that impairs conformal coverage. Here we overcome this challenge using a rationally engineered molecular spatial conjugation that incorporates tailored intramolecular distortion to suppress excess π–π stacking without sacrificing charge-transport efficiency. This steric regulation facilitates the formation of a highly ordered, conformal SAM across rough pyramidal textures. By reconciling molecular packing with interfacial coverage, the tailored interface provides optimized energy-level alignment for ultrafast charge extraction, enables improved defect passivation through adaptive conformational adjustment and acts as a robust template for high-quality perovskite film growth. Making use of this interface, the optimized tandem device achieves a notable fill factor (FF) of 85%, yielding a certified stabilized power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 35.1%. Furthermore, the device demonstrates outstanding stability, retaining more than 94% of its initial performance after 1,500?h of ageing under the ISOS-L-1 protocol. Our findings provide a clear molecular engineering route to reconcile conductivity and film uniformity while maximizing the performance of tandem photovoltaics on textured silicon substrates.

A two-dimensional reticular triaxial molecularly woven fabric

二维网状三轴分子编织体

▲ 作者：Mengbin Wang, Shuai Fang, Xuedong Xiao, Zhewen Guo, Tianyu Shan, Han Han, et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-11218-8

▲摘要：

受宏观编织技术启发，分子编织通过将分子链交织成有序网络，已成为设计具有新兴特性功能材料的有力策略。然而，迄今为止，分子编织主要依赖于线性构建块和双轴结构。非线性构建块的高阶编织（≥3轴）有望产生有趣的结构，并赋予所得材料新的、意想不到的功能；然而，其构建和性能研究仍未被充分探索。

研究组报道了一种二维网状三轴编织聚合物网络，该网络通过配位B-N聚合将C3对称大环引入编织结构中构建而成。所得材料不仅表现出独特的拓扑手性和稳健的力学性能，而且还可作为多孔材料，助力分离代表性的芳香族/脂肪族化合物。

该功能用途凸显了高阶三轴编织拓扑如何在调控材料性质方面提供独特优势，并为功能材料的构建引入了一个额外拓扑维度。

▲ Abstract：

Inspired by macroscopic weaving techniques, molecular weaving, which interlaces molecular strands into ordered networks, has emerged as a powerful strategy for designing functional materials with emergent properties. However, so far, molecular weaving has relied mainly on linear building blocks and biaxial structures. Higher-order weaving (≥3?axes) of nonlinear building blocks is expected to produce intriguing architectures and bring new and unforeseen functions to the resulting materials; however, their construction and property investigation remain underexplored. Here we report a two-dimensional reticular triaxial woven polymer network constructed by incorporating C3-symmetric macrocycles into the woven structure through dative B–N polymerization. The resulting material not only exhibits unique topological chirality and robust mechanical properties but it also serves as a porous material that permits the separation of representative aromatic/aliphatic compounds. This functional utility highlights how higher-order triaxial woven topologies can provide unique advantages in terms of regulating material properties and introduces an extra topological dimension for the construction of functional materials.

化学Chemistry

Non-halogen aqueous electrolytes for four-electron iodine conversion

非卤素水系电解质助力四电子碘转化

▲ 作者：Ruwei Chen, Haobo Dong, Yuhang Dai, Jingyu Wang, Jie Chen, Jiyang Liu, et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-11282-0

▲摘要：

在水系金属—碘电池中实现可逆的四电子碘氧化还原化学，为高能水系储能提供了一条有前景的途径，但传统上仍依赖高浓度、腐蚀性的含卤电解质，通过卤素间络合来稳定反应性的高价碘阳离子。

研究组展示了一种亲液阴离子—极性阴离子—亲核物种（Nuc）电解质框架，该框架利用阴离子化学来调控界面微环境和分子相互作用，从而在无卤水系电解质中实现可逆的四电子碘转化。

极性阴离子建立了一个缺水、富阴离子的界面微环境，而亲液阴离子则调节水-Nuc相互作用，以提高Nuc的可用性，从而通过Nuc-I+-Nuc卤键稳定高价碘阳离子。该电解质框架在多种Nuc以及水系Zn-I2和Al-I2电池中均得到验证。

这些发现超越了传统的卤素间稳定策略，建立了一种独特的电解质化学框架，并代表了水系环境中可逆多电子碘化学的机理转变。

▲ Abstract：

Accessing reversible four-electron iodine redox chemistry in aqueous metal–iodine batteries offers a promising route towards high-energy aqueous energy storage, but has conventionally relied on highly concentrated, corrosive halogen-containing electrolytes to stabilize reactive hypervalent iodine cations through interhalogen complexation. Here we show a kosmotropic anion–polar anion–nucleophilic species (Nuc) electrolyte framework that harnesses anionic chemistry to coordinate the interfacial microenvironment and molecular interactions, enabling reversible four-electron iodine conversion in halogen-free aqueous electrolytes. Polar anions establish a water-deficient, anion-enriched interfacial microenvironment, whereas kosmotropic anions regulate water–Nuc interactions to increase the availability of Nuc for stabilizing hypervalent iodine cations through Nuc–I+–Nuc halogen bonds. This electrolyte framework is validated across diverse Nuc and in both aqueous Zn–I2 and Al–I2 batteries. Moving beyond conventional interhalogen stabilization, these findings establish a distinct electrolyte chemistry framework and represent a mechanistic shift for reversible multi-electron iodine chemistry in aqueous environments.

地球科学Earth Science

Australia’s current wildfire crisis linked to colonial land-use change

澳大利亚当前的野火危机与殖民时期的土地利用变化有关

▲ 作者：Michael-Shawn Fletcher, Anthony Romano, Caitlin O’Shea, S. Yoshi Maezumi, Harriet Magee, Simon Connor, et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-11097-z

▲摘要：

全球野火危机常被归因于气候变化，但这种归因框架忽视了关键的历史驱动因素。处于这场危机前沿的生物群落（例如澳大利亚的温带桉树林）近几十年来见证了大规模、高强度野火的急剧增加。然而，关于殖民时期土地利用变化和原住民用火方式被破坏如何改变植被结构和可燃物动态的证据仍然稀少。

研究组重建了澳大利亚东南部温带桉树林1000年来的植被与火灾变化。在英国入侵（始于公元1788年）之前，Gunaikurnai原住民通过频繁、精细化、低温的文化用火，维持着稳定、开阔的林地生态。

殖民时期的破坏引发了连锁反应：火温度升高、桉树覆盖率增长四倍、开阔林地转变为森林，以及土壤侵蚀加剧。这些转变发生在人为变暖之前，表明这些森林对野火的脆弱性是由殖民时期土地利用遗留影响造成的。

殖民时期土地利用通过创造更易燃的景观，放大了气候变化的影响，表明存在一种强化反馈（“灾难性野火循环”），即高强度野火提高可燃物载量，并进一步增加气候驱动火灾的风险。因此，将原住民知识纳入火灾管理，对于恢复韧性并缓解未来野火风险至关重要。

▲ Abstract：

The global wildfire crisis is often attributed to climate change, a framing that overlooks crucial historical drivers. Biomes at the forefront of this crisis, such as the temperate eucalypt forests of Australia, have seen alarming increases in large, intense wildfires in recent decades. Yet evidence of how colonial land-use change and the disruption of Indigenous fire use altered vegetation structure and fuel dynamics remains scarce. Here we reconstruct 1,000?years of vegetation and fire change in a temperate eucalypt forest in southeastern Australia. Before the British invasion (from 1788CE), fire use by the Indigenous Gunaikurnai people maintained stable, open woodlands through frequent, fine-grained, low-temperature cultural burning. Colonial disruption drove cascading changes: increased fire temperature, a fourfold rise in eucalypt cover, a shift from open woodland to forest and increased soil erosion. These transformations preceded anthropogenic warming, indicating that the vulnerability of these forests to wildfire is shaped by colonial land-use legacies. By creating more flammable landscapes, colonial land use amplified the influence of climate change, suggesting a reinforcing feedback (the ‘catastrophic wildfire loop’) in which high-intensity wildfires raise fuel loads and further increase the likelihood of climate-driven fire. Integrating Indigenous knowledge into fire management is therefore essential to restoring resilience and mitigating future wildfire risk.