编译|未玖

Science, 28 AUG 2025, VOL 389, ISSUE 6763

《科学》2025年8月28日，第389卷，6763期

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物理学Physics

Classical-decisive quantum internet by integrated photonics

基于集成光子学的经典决策型量子互联网

▲ 作者：YICHI ZHANG, ROBERT BROBERG, ALAN ZHU, GUSHU LI, LI GE, JONATHAN M. SMITH, ET AL.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adx6176

▲摘要：

传统上，经典技术和量子技术被认为是正交的，经典系统是确定性的，而量子系统本质上是概率性的。这种差异阻碍了可扩展量子互联网的发展，即使全球互联网仍在不断扩大。

研究组报道了一种经典决策型量子互联网架构，其中量子信息集成到先进的光子技术中，可在商用部署的光纤网络上实现高效的纠缠分布。经典信头和量子有效载荷间的片上精确同步实现了经典光引导的高保真纠缠的动态路由和网络管理。

量子态通过实时误差修正机制得以保存，仅依靠经典信号读出而不干扰量子信息。这些经典决策型特征展示了使用现有网络基础设施和操作系统实现可扩展量子互联网的实用途径。

▲ Abstract：

Classical and quantum technologies have traditionally been viewed as orthogonal, with classical systems being deterministic and quantum systems inherently probabilistic. This distinction hinders the development of a scalable quantum internet even as the global internet continues expanding. We report a classical-decisive quantum internet architecture in which the integration of quantum information into advanced photonic technologies enables efficient entanglement distribution over a commercially deployed fiber network. On-chip precise synchronization between classical headers and quantum payloads enables dynamic routing and networking of high-fidelity entanglement guided by classical light. The quantum states are preserved through real-time error mitigation, relying solely on classical signal readout without disturbing quantum information. These classical-decisive features demonstrate a practical path to a scalable quantum internet using existing network infrastructure and operating systems.

材料科学Materials Science

Deciphering icosahedra structural evolution with atomically precise silver nanoclusters

原子精度银纳米簇解析二十面体结构演变

▲ 作者：FENG HU, GAOYUAN YANG, LU-MING ZHENG, GUI-JIE LIANG AND QUAN-MING WANG

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adx6639

▲摘要：

确定纳米颗粒（NPs）的原子结构对于理解其结构演变和性质至关重要。然而，由于存在诸多相互竞争的途径，控制多重孪晶金属NPs的生长仍颇具挑战性。

在这项工作中，研究组报道了通过配体工程和动力学控制实现的两个巨型银二十面体纳米簇[Ag₂₁₃(C≡CR1)₉₆]^5?和[Ag₄₂₉Cl₂₄(C≡CR2)₁₅₀]^5?（Ag₂₁₃和Ag₄₂₉，R1=3,4,5-F₃C₆H₂和R2=4-CF₃C₆H₄）。单晶X射线衍射显示，Ag₂₁₃和Ag₄₂₉分别具有多层二十面体Ag₁₄₁ |(Ag₁₃@Ag₄₂@Ag₈₆)和Ag₂₉₇ (Ag₁₃@Ag₄₂@Ag₉₂@Ag₁₅₀)核。

值得注意的是，拥有260个价电子的Ag₄₂₉是迄今为止报道的最大的含Ag⁰纳米簇。这两个巨型银纳米簇本质上是金属的，其等离子体吸收和依赖于泵浦功率的激发态动力学证实了这一点。它们精确的原子结构支持银二十面体从核到种子的“逐层演变”。

▲ Abstract：

Determining the atomic structure of nanoparticles (NPs) is critical for understanding their structural evolution and properties. However, controlling the growth of multiply-twinned metal NPs remains challenging because of numerous competing pathways. In this work, we report the synthesis of two giant silver icosahedral nanoclusters, [Ag₂₁₃(C≡CR1)₉₆]^5? and [Ag₄₂₉Cl₂₄(C≡CR2)₁₅₀]^5? (Ag₂₁₃ and Ag₄₂₉, R1 =3,4,5-F₃C₆H₂ and R2 = 4-CF₃C₆H₄), achieved through ligand engineering and kinetic control. Single-crystal x-ray diffraction reveals that Ag₂₁₃ and Ag₄₂₉ have multilayered icosahedral Ag₁₄₁ |(Ag₁₃@Ag₄₂@Ag₈₆) and Ag₂₉₇ (Ag₁₃@Ag₄₂@Ag₉₂@Ag₁₅₀) cores, respectively. Notably, Ag₄₂₉ with 260 valence electrons is the largest Ag0-containing nanocluster reported to date. These two giant silver nanoclusters are metallic in nature, as confirmed by their plasmonic absorption and pump-power–dependent excited-state dynamics. Their atomically precise structures support the layer-by-layer evolution from nuclei to seeds of silver icosahedra.

Launching by cavitation

空化发射

▲ 作者：DALEI WANG, ZIXIAO LIU, HONGPING ZHAO, HUANQI QIN, GONGXUN BAI, CHI CHEN, ET AL.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adu8943

▲摘要：

空化的特点是在液体的低压或高温区域形成蒸汽泡，通常具有破坏性，但可用于执行器和机器人。

研究组利用空化现象在过热液体中积累大量能量，通过抑制其立即释放，直到达到稳定极限。这些充满能量的、不稳定的气泡剧烈破裂，爆发出超高功率和冲力，从而引发运动。

值得注意的是，通过空化作用发射的毫米级器件可以跳到1.5米的高度，达到每秒12米（m/s）的峰值速度、7.14×10⁴m/s²的加速度和0.64%的能源效率，并且还能以每秒12厘米的速度在水面上游泳。基于空化的发射适用于各种设备材料、液体介质、刺激和操作环境。

▲ Abstract：

Cavitation, characterized by formation of vapor bubbles in a low-pressure or high-temperature region of a liquid, is often destructive, but it can be harnessed for actuators and robots. We exploit cavitation to accumulate substantial energy in superheated liquids by suppressing its immediate release until reaching a stability limit. The energetic, unstable bubbles collapse violently, producing a burst of high power and force that initiates motion. Notably, a millimeter-scale device launched by cavitation can jump to a height of 1.5 meters—reaching a 12 meters per second (m/s) peak velocity, a 7.14 × 10⁴ m/s² acceleration, and a 0.64% energy efficiency—and can also swim on water at 12 centimeters per second. Cavitation-based launching works with a broad range of device materials, liquid media, stimuli, and operational environments.

地球科学Earth Science

Heavily polluted Tijuana River drives regional air quality crisis

严重污染的蒂华纳河引发区域空气质量危机

▲ 作者：BENJAMIN RICO, KELLEY C. BARSANTI, WILLIAM C. PORTER, KAROLINA CYSNEIROS DE CARVALHO, PAULA STIGLER-GRANADOS AND KIMBERLY A. PRATHER

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adv1343

▲摘要：

几十年来，工业化学品和未经处理的污水一直污染着蒂华纳河，最近导致加州海滩连续1300天关闭。在2024年夏季，尽管没有下雨，废水流量仍飙升至每天数百万加仑，增强了湍流热点地区硫化氢（H₂S）和其他有毒气体的水-空气转移。

高废水流量和低风速导致夜间H₂S峰值达到4500 ppb，超过了<1 ppb的典型城市水平。H₂S浓度与社区异味报告呈强相关（相关系数r=0.92），证实了长期被忽视的社区声音，并强调了环境不公正。

这项研究表明，水质差会严重影响空气质量（尽管很少被纳入空气质量模型和健康评估），随着全球受污染水道的增加，这会产生深远的影响。

▲ Abstract：

Industrial chemicals and untreated sewage have polluted the Tijuana River for decades, recently causing >1300 consecutive days of California beach closures. In summer 2024, wastewater flows surged to millions of gallons per day despite no rain, enhancing water-to-air transfer of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) and other toxic gases at a turbulent hotspot. High wastewater flows and low winds led to nighttime H₂S peaks, reaching 4500 parts per billion (ppb)—exceeding typical urban levels of <1 ppb. H₂S levels and community malodor reports were strongly correlated (correlation coefficient r = 0.92), validating long-dismissed community voices and highlighting an environmental injustice. This study demonstrates that poor water quality can substantially affect air quality—although rarely included in air quality models and health assessments—with far-reaching implications as polluted waterways increase globally.

Seismic evidence for a highly heterogeneous martian mantle

火星地幔高度异质性的地震证据

▲ 作者：CONSTANTINOS CHARALAMBOUS, W. THOMAS PIKE, DOYEON KIM, HENRI SAMUEL, BENJAMIN FERNANDO, CARYS BILL, ET AL.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adk4292

▲摘要：

行星的内部如同一个时间胶囊，保存着其早期历史的线索。

研究组报告了在整个火星地幔中发现的千米尺度的异质性，通过深度探测火星地震释放能量的明显波前畸变来识别。这些异质性可能是行星形成时的遗留产物，意味着地幔在缓慢对流的驱动下经历了有限的混合。

异质性的尺寸和残存情况约束了火星鲜为人知的地幔流变学，表明其粘度高达10^21.3至10^21.9帕斯卡-秒，低温依赖性低，有效活化能为70至90千焦/摩尔，表明地幔变形由位错蠕变引起。有限的混合，再加上普遍存在、尺度无关的异质性，反映了火星地幔的高度无序，这是单板行星更原始的内部演化特征，与构造活跃的地球形成鲜明对比。

▲ Abstract：

A planet’s interior is a time capsule, preserving clues to its early history. We report the discovery of kilometer-scale heterogeneities throughout Mars’ mantle, detected seismically through pronounced wavefront distortion of energy arriving from deeply probing marsquakes. These heterogeneities, likely remnants of the planet’s formation, imply a mantle that has undergone limited mixing driven by sluggish convection. Their size and survival constrain Mars’ poorly known mantle rheology, indicating a high viscosity of 10^21.3 to 10^21.9 pascal-seconds and low temperature dependence, with an effective activation energy of 70 to 90 kilojoules per mole, suggesting a mantle deforming by dislocation creep. The limited mixing, coupled with ubiquitous, scale-invariant heterogeneities, reflects a highly disordered mantle, characteristic of the more primitive interior evolution of a single-plate planet, contrasting sharply with the tectonically active Earth.