《自然》（20250731出版）一周论文导读

 

Nature, 31 July 2025, Volume 643, Issue 8074

《自然》2025年7月31日，第643卷，8074期

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物理学Physics

Direct observation of coherent elastic antineutrino–nucleus scattering

相干弹性反中微子-核散射的直接观测

▲ 作者：N. Ackermann, H. Bonet, A. Bonhomme, C. Buck, K. Fülber, J. Hakenmüller, et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09322-2

▲摘要：

中微子是一种基本粒子，与物质的相互作用非常微弱。因此，中微子实验通常规模很大，实验质量在数吨范围内。中微子在原子核上的相干弹性散射的无阈值相互作用大大提高了相互作用率，有望实现更小的探测器。对该过程的研究有助于深入了解超越粒子物理标准模型的物理学。

CONUS+实验旨在用核反应堆中产生的低能中微子率先探测在完全相干状态下的弹性中微子-核散射。为此，研究组开发了基于极低能量阈值的高纯度锗晶体的半导体探测器。他们报道了在瑞士莱布施塔特核电站进行的CONUS+实验中，首次观测到一个统计显著性为3.7σ的中微子信号。

在反应堆运行的119天内，研究组共测量到（395±106）个中微子，而根据标准物理模型计算得出的预测值为（347±59）次事件。随着精度的提高，未来有望取得重大发现。因此，CONUS+的结果结合该相互作用通道的其他测量数据，有望揭开中微子物理学新时代的序幕。

▲ Abstract：

Neutrinos are elementary particles that interact only very weakly with matter. Neutrino experiments are, therefore, usually big, with masses in the multi-tonne range. The thresholdless interaction of coherent elastic scattering of neutrinos on atomic nuclei leads to greatly enhanced interaction rates, which allows for much smaller detectors. The study of this process gives insights into physics beyond the Standard Model of particle physics. The CONUS+ experiment was designed to first detect elastic neutrino–nucleus scattering in the fully coherent regime with low-energy neutrinos produced in nuclear reactors. For this purpose, semiconductor detectors based on high-purity germanium crystals with extremely low-energy thresholds were developed. Here we report the first observation of a neutrino signal with a statistical significance of 3.7σ from the CONUS+ experiment, operated at the nuclear power plant in Leibstadt, Switzerland. In 119?days of reactor operation (395?±?106) neutrinos were measured compared with a predicted number from calculations assuming Standard Model physics of (347?±?59) events. With increased precision, there is potential for fundamental discoveries in the future. The CONUS+ results in combination with other measurements of this interaction channel might therefore mark a starting point for a new era in neutrino physics.

材料科学Materials Science

Quantum correlations of spontaneous two-photon emission from a quantum dot

量子点自发双光子发射的量子关联

▲ 作者：Shunfa Liu, Yangpeng Wang, Yasser Saleem, Xueshi Li, Hanqing Liu, Cheng-Ao Yang, et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09267-6

▲摘要：

自发双光子发射（STPE）是一种二阶量子辐射过程，在天体物理学、原子物理学和量子技术等领域广泛存在。特别是，长期以来人们一直预测，单量子发射器的按需STPE将变革光子量子科学和技术。

研究组报道了STPE的亮度可与单个半导体量子点与高质量微柱腔确定性耦合的竞争性单光子辐射相媲美。这是因为微腔中强烈的真空涨落，将双激子直接驱动到基态。研究组利用光子统计测量，展示了与腔量子电动力学体系中STPE相关的量子性质。

此外，利用STPE构建非常规纠缠量子光源，可以同时实现自发参数下转换源的近单位纠缠保真度和原子量子发射器的按需光子发射。该工作提供了对量子状态下双光子过程的深入见解，有望实现非线性量子辐射赋能光子量子技术。

▲ Abstract：

Spontaneous two-photon emission (STPE) is a second-order quantum radiation process with implications in astrophysics, atomic physics and quantum technology. In particular, on-demand STPE from single quantum emitters has long been predicted to revolutionize photonic quantum science and technology. Here we report STPE with brightness comparable to that of competing single-photon radiation from a single semiconductor quantum dot deterministically coupled to a high-quality micropillar cavity. This is because of strong vacuum fluctuations in the microcavity, which drive a biexciton directly to the ground state. We show the quantum nature associated with STPE in the cavity quantum electrodynamics regime using photon statistics measurements. Furthermore, STPE is exploited to build unconventional entangled quantum light sources that can simultaneously achieve near-unity entanglement fidelity for spontaneous parametric down-conversion sources and on-demand photon emission for atomic quantum emitters. Our work provides insights into the two-photon process in the quantum regime, which could empower photonic quantum technology with nonlinear quantum radiation.

Liquid–liquid interfacial tension stabilized Li-metal batteries

液-液界面张力稳定的锂金属电池

▲ 作者：Haijin Ji, Jingwei Xiang, Yong Li, Mengting Zheng, Lixia Yuan, Yaqi Liao, et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09293-4

▲摘要：

人们认为锂（Li）金属阳极与高镍阴极的组合有望超过500 Wh kg-1的阈值。接近如此高的能量密度时，能够稳定阳极和阴极界面的电解质对于确保电池的安全性和长期循环性至关重要。尽管阴离子衍生的无机界面在锂侧已取得了显著成效，但开发同时保护两侧电极的本征策略仍是一个关键挑战。

研究组报告了一种用于电解质设计的微乳液策略，绕过了Li+溶剂化调节，并为两侧电极生成富氟化物界面相。具体而言，胶束和碳酸盐溶剂之间的液-液界面张力（而非电场）推动氟化液滴向阳极和阴极运动。通过这种方式，两侧电极的界面结构得以增强，并将其与溶剂化结构策略解耦。

通过使用微乳液电解质，两种能量密度分别为531 Wh kg-1和547 Wh kg-1的软包电池在189次和155次循环后分别保持了81%和79%的容量。液-液界面张力的引入为界面相调节和电解质设计提供了新视角，为高压锂金属电池的发展奠定了基础。

▲ Abstract：

A lithium (Li)-metal anode paired with a high-nickel cathode is considered to be a combination that holds promise to surpass the 500?Wh?kg?1 threshold. Approaching such high energy density, electrolytes capable of stabilizing both anode and cathode interphases are of importance to secure safe and long-term cycling. Although anion-derived inorganic interphases have shown remarkable success at the Li side, developing intrinsic strategies to concurrently protect both electrodes remains a key challenge. Here we report a micro-emulsion strategy for electrolyte design that bypasses the Li+ solvation regulation and produces fluoride-rich interphases for both electrodes. Specifically, liquid–liquid interfacial tension between the micelles and carbonate solvents, rather than the electric field, propels the motion of fluorinated droplets towards the anode and the cathode. In this way, the interphase construction of both electrodes can be enhanced and decoupled from the solvation structure strategy. Through use of the micro-emulsion electrolyte, two pouch full cells with energy densities of 531 Wh?kg?1 and 547?Wh?kg?1 retain 81% and 79% of their capacity after 189 and 155 cycles, respectively. The introduction of liquid–liquid interfacial tension provides a perspective for interphase regulation and electrolyte design, and paves the way for the development of high-voltage Li-metal batteries.

化学Chemistry

Dynamic kinetic resolution of phosphines with chiral supporting electrolytes

手性支撑电解质对膦的动态动力学拆分

▲ 作者：Kaining Mao, Chenfei Liu, Yi Wang, Chaoxuan Gu, John M. Putziger, Nicholas I. Cemalovic, et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09238-x

▲摘要：

由于手性中心在生物体系中的普遍存在以及同手性对分子性质的影响，对映纯化合物的合成一直是有机化学的研究焦点。随着人们日益认识到电化学是改善有机合成范围和可持续性的有力工具，越来越多的研究致力于开发不对称电催化反应以合成颇具挑战性的手性分子。然而，许多有用的电化学反应依赖于没有催化剂的直接电解，这使其本质上难以实现对映选择性。

支撑电解质是电化学系统中不可或缺的一部分，除了确保足够的溶液导电性外，还可以影响电化学转化的速率和选择性。手性支撑电解质可通过直接电解介导不对称反应，但其在有机电合成中的应用很大程度上仍未被探索。

研究组描述了使用亚化学计量的手性磷酸盐作为支撑电解质，以促进外消旋三价膦氧化生成对映体富集的膦氧化物。该方法依赖于动态动力学拆分策略，利用阳极生成的磷酰基自由基阳离子的快速金字塔反转，而在电极-电解质界面处高浓度的手性磷酸盐增强了限速亲核加成过程中的对映选择性控制。

该研究结果强调了手性支持电解质促进自由基离子介导不对称转化的前景。

▲ Abstract：

The synthesis of enantiopure compounds is a central focus in organic chemistry owing to the prevalence of chiral centres in biological systems and the impact of homochirality on molecular properties. With growing recognition of electrochemistry as a powerful tool to improve the scope and sustainability of organic synthesis, increasing efforts have been directed towards developing asymmetric electrocatalytic reactions to access challenging chiral molecules. However, many useful electrochemical reactions rely on direct electrolysis without a catalyst, making them inherently difficult to render enantioselective. Supporting electrolytes are integral to electrochemical systems and, in addition to ensuring sufficient solution conductivity, they can influence the rate and selectivity of electrochemical transformations. Chiral supporting electrolytes can mediate asymmetric reactions via direct electrolysis, but their use in organic electrosynthesis remains largely unexplored. Here we describe the use of substoichiometric chiral phosphate salts as supporting electrolytes to facilitate the oxidation of racemic trivalent phosphines to afford enantioenriched phosphine oxides. Our approach relies on a dynamic-kinetic-resolution strategy that exploits the rapid pyramidal inversion of an anodically generated phosphoniumyl radical cation, while a high concentration of chiral phosphate at the electrode–electrolyte interface enhances enantioselective control during rate-limiting nucleophilic addition. Our results highlight the promise of chiral supporting electrolytes for promoting radical-ion-mediated asymmetric transformations.

机械工程Mechanical Engineering

Mechanical underwater adhesive devices for soft substrates

用于软基材的机械水下粘附装置

▲ 作者：Ziliang Kang, Johanna A. Gomez, Alisa MeiShan Ross, Ameya R. Kirtane, Ming Zhao, Yubin Cai, et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09304-4

▲摘要：

在pH值和湿度极端波动的情况下，实现对动态、可再生软基材的长期水下粘附仍是一个尚未解决的重大挑战，对医疗保健、制造业、机器人和海洋应用具有深远的影响。

研究组的灵感来自于长着特殊吸盘的?鱼，并据此开发了机械水下软粘附系统（MUSAS）。通过详细的解剖学、行为学、物理学和仿生学研究，研究组揭示了?鱼牢固粘附背后的关键物理原理和进化适应机制。

这些见解指导了MUSAS的设计，展示出非凡的通用性，可以牢固地粘附在具有不同粗糙度、刚度和结构完整性的一系列软基材上。MUSAS的黏附力-重量比高达1391倍，在极端pH值和潮湿条件下也能保持良好的性能。

研究组验证了其在高度可转化模型中的实用性，包括体外、离体和体内场景，实现了诸如超微型水生动态温度传感、无创胃食管反流监测、长效抗逆转录病毒药物递送以及胃肠道信使RNA给药等应用。

▲ Abstract：

Achieving long-term underwater adhesion to dynamic, regenerating soft substrates that undergo extreme fluctuations in pH and moisture remains a major unresolved challenge, with far-reaching implications for healthcare, manufacturing, robotics and marine applications. Here, inspired by remoras—fish equipped with specialized adhesive discs—we developed the Mechanical Underwater Soft Adhesion System (MUSAS). Through detailed anatomical, behavioural, physical and biomimetic investigations of remora adhesion on soft substrates, we uncovered the key physical principles and evolutionary adaptations underlying their robust attachment. These insights guided the design of MUSAS, which shows extraordinary versatility, adhering securely to a wide range of soft substrates with varying roughness, stiffness and structural integrity. MUSAS achieves an adhesion-force-to-weight ratio of up to 1,391-fold and maintains performance under extreme pH and moisture conditions. We demonstrate its utility across highly translational models, including in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo settings, enabling applications such as ultraminiaturized aquatic kinetic temperature sensors, non-invasive gastroesophageal reflux monitoring, long-acting antiretroviral drug delivery and messenger RNA administration via the gastrointestinal tract.

地球科学Earth Science

Strategies for climate-resilient global wind and solar power systems

气候适应型全球风能和太阳能发电系统战略

▲ 作者：Dongsheng Zheng, Xizhe Yan, Dan Tong, Steven J. Davis, Ken Caldeira, Yuanyuan Lin, et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09266-7

▲摘要：

气候变化可能会加剧未来风能和太阳能占比较高的电力系统中供需失衡的频率和严重程度。

研究组使用调度优化模型来评估在固定且高渗透的风能和太阳能发电背景下，与气候加剧供需缺口相关的每小时成本潜在增加情况。他们将进一步探讨各种策略，以增强面对未来气候变化的系统适应性。

结果发现，在大多数国家，极端时段（定义为每小时成本位于上十分位数的时段，即成本最高的10%时段）成本在未来可能会变得更高，主要是因为对灵活发电容量投资的需求增加。例如，在共享社会经济路径SSP1-2.6情景下，预计47个国家（未来发电量之和约占全球的43.5%）在极端时段的平均每小时成本将增加5%以上，其中最大增幅将达到23.7%。

通过因地制宜制定国别战略，协调执行多项措施以解决供需失衡问题，并提高系统灵活性，可大幅降低成本上涨的风险。该研究结果为在降低系统成本的同时建立未来的气候适应性电力系统提供了重要见解。

▲ Abstract：

Climate change may amplify the frequency and severity of supply–demand mismatches in future power systems with high shares of wind and solar energy. Here we use a dispatch optimization model to assess potential increases in hourly costs associated with the climate-intensified gaps under fixed, high penetrations of wind and solar energy generation. We further explore various strategies to enhance system resilience in the face of future climate change. We find that extreme periods—defined as hours in the upper decile of hourly costs (that is, the most costly 10% of hours)—are likely to become more costly in the future in most countries, mainly because of the increased need for investments in flexible energy capacity. For example, under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway SSP1–2.6 scenario, 47 countries that together account for approximately 43.5% of global future electricity generation are projected to experience more than a 5% increase in average hourly costs during extreme periods, with the largest reaching up to 23.7%. The risk of rising costs could be substantially mitigated through tailored, country-specific strategies involving the coordinated implementation of multiple measures to address supply–demand imbalances and enhance system flexibility. Our findings provide important insights for building future climate-resilient power systems while reducing system costs.