《科学》（20250703出版）一周论文导读

 

Science,  3 Jul 2025, VOL 389, ISSUE 6755

《科学》2025年7月3日，第389卷，6755期

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物理Physics

Time-domain braiding of anyons

任意子的时域编织

▲ 作者：M. Ruelle, E. Frigerio et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adm7695

▲摘要：

任意子是通过编织相位因子保持粒子交换记忆的准粒子。当任意子激发被发射到分数量子霍尔（FQH）流体中的量子点接触（QPC）时，这种记忆会转化为隧穿现象且可能在任意子激发离开QPC很久之后才发生。

在这项研究中，科研人员利用ν=1/3填充因子的FQH流体中入射到QPC的触发任意子脉冲，研究了时域中的任意子隧穿现象。研究观察到，编织操作会延长由温度及表征边缘态动力学的任意子标度维度决定的隧穿时间尺度。该实验首次引入时域测量方法来表征任意子的编织相位和标度维度。

▲ Abstract：

Anyons are quasiparticles that keep a robust memory of particle exchanges via a braiding phase factor. When an anyon excitation is emitted toward a quantum point contact (QPC) in a fractional quantum Hall (FQH) fluid, this memory translates into tunneling events that may occur long after the anyon excitation has exited the QPC. In this work, we used triggered anyon pulses incident on a QPC in a filling factor ν = 1/3 FQH fluid to investigate anyon tunneling in the time domain. We observed that braiding increases the tunneling timescale, which is set by the temperature and the anyon scaling dimension that characterizes the edge-state dynamics. Our experiment introduces time-domain measurements for characterizing the braiding phase and scaling dimension of anyons.

生物学Biology

Representation of sex-specific social memory in ventral CA1 neurons

腹侧CA1神经元的性别特异性社会记忆表征

▲ 作者：Akiyuki Watarai, Kentaro Tao, and Teruhiro Okuyama

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp3814

▲摘要：

识别熟悉个体对动物适应性社会互动至关重要。然而，包含性别信息在内的社会记忆多维特性尚未阐明。

研究发现小鼠海马腹侧CA1区（vCA1）神经元通过发放频率和基于theta的时间编码，共同表征熟悉同种个体的身份及社会属性（特别是性别和品系）。

光遗传学重新激活了雌性（而非雄性）的社会记忆，诱导位置偏好。上游海马背侧CA2区或内侧杏仁核的损毁会破坏性别表征及社会记忆效价的性别二态性。因此，vCA1神经元采用双重编码方案，将熟悉同种个体的身份和社会属性表征为连贯记忆。

▲ Abstract：

Recognizing familiar individuals is crucial for adaptive social interactions among animals. However, the multidimensional nature of social memory encompassing sexual information remains unelucidated. We found that neurons in the ventral CA1 region (vCA1) of the mouse hippocampus encoded the identities and social properties, specifically sex and strain, of familiar conspecifics by using both rate and theta-based temporal coding. Optogenetic reactivation of social memories of females, but not males, induced place preference. Ablation of the upstream hippocampal dorsal CA2 region or the medial amygdala disrupted the representation of sex and the sexual dichotomy of social memory valence. Thus, vCA1 neurons use dual coding schemes to represent the identities and social properties of familiar conspecifics as a cohesive memory.

动物学Zoology

Consistent energy-diversity relationships in terrestrial vertebrates

陆地脊椎动物的持续能量—多样性关系

▲ 作者：Marco Túlio P. Coelho, Elisa Barreto et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adu2590

▲摘要：

生态学家长期认为，可以供给更多能量的的环境能支持更多物种生存，但实证研究往往与这一想法相矛盾。该研究提出，这种不一致性源于地理混杂因素的干扰，这些因素掩盖了物种丰富度与能量相关因子之间的真实关系。

在此，通过比较不同气候条件下的物种丰富度，科研人员成功区分了温度、降水和初级生产力的直接影响与气候区域面积及隔离度等混杂因素的干扰。基于一项对全球陆地脊椎动物的分析，研究揭示了能量相关因子与物种丰富度之间清晰而稳定的关系。

该发现不仅澄清了现有生态学理论，更展示了采用气候空间视角如何推动生物多样性研究，为理解生物多样性格局及其对环境变化的响应提供了关键见解。

▲ Abstract：

Ecologists have long proposed that environments providing more energy can support more species, yet empirical evidence frequently contradicts this expectation. We argue that such inconsistencies result from confounding geographical influences that mask the true relationship between species richness and energy-related factors. Here, by comparing species richness across different climate conditions, we disentangle the direct effects of temperature, precipitation, and primary productivity from the confounding impacts of the area and isolation of various climates. Using a global analysis of terrestrial vertebrates, we reveal clear and consistent relationships between energy-related factors and species richness. Our findings clarify existing ecological theory and illustrate how adopting a climate space perspective advances biodiversity research, providing critical insights into biodiversity patterns and their responses to environmental change.

地球科学Earth Science

Coupled, decoupled, and abrupt responses of vegetation to climate across timescales

植被对气候变化的多尺度响应模式：耦合、解耦与突变

▲ 作者：David Fastovich, Stephen R. Meyers et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr6700

▲摘要：

气候和生态系统动态在不同时间尺度上存在差异，但关于气候驱动植被动态的研究通常只关注单一时间尺度。

科研人员开发了一种基于谱分析的方法，能够精确评估从101到10?年植被响应气候变化的特征时间尺度。研究发现，即使在百年频率尺度上（149?1至18012?1年?1，即每149至18012年一个周期），植被与气候仍表现出动态相似性。植被更替的转折点（797?1年?1）与气候随机过程和自相关过程之间的转折点相匹配，表明这些频率范围内的生态动态受气候主导。

而在千年频率尺度上（4650?1年?1）观察到的植被更替加剧，则突显了植被对气候变化的突变响应风险。此外，在频率＞149?1年?1尺度上出现的植被—气候解耦现象，可能预示着人为气候变化对生态系统功能和生物多样性造成的长期持续影响。

▲ Abstract：

Climate and ecosystem dynamics vary across timescales, but research into climate-driven vegetation dynamics usually focuses on singular timescales. We developed a spectral analysis–based approach that provides detailed estimates of the timescales at which vegetation tracks climate change, from 101 to 105 years. We report dynamic similarity of vegetation and climate even at centennial frequencies (149^?1 to 18,012^?1 year^?1, that is, one cycle per 149 to 18,012 years). A breakpoint in vegetation turnover (797^?1 year^?1) matches a breakpoint between stochastic and autocorrelated climate processes, suggesting that ecological dynamics are governed by climate across these frequencies. Heightened vegetation turnover at millennial frequencies (4650^?1 year^?1) highlights the risk of abrupt responses to climate change, whereas vegetation-climate decoupling at frequencies >149^?1 year^?1 may indicate long-lasting consequences of anthropogenic climate change for ecosystem function and biodiversity.

材料科学Material Sciences

Electric double-layer synthesis of a spongelike, lightweight reticular membrane

双电层合成法制备海绵状轻质网状膜

▲ 作者：Yoshimitsu, Tengfei Fu et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq0782

▲摘要：

电化学聚合通常形成致密且附着于电极的薄膜。该研究报道了一种一步合成大面积超薄（约70纳米）聚合物膜的方法，该膜具有丝瓜瓤状网状交联结构，且密度仅为0.5克/立方厘米。

这种特殊膜的形成机制是：在无需支持电解质的水溶液中，通过施加电压构建双电层环境，使去质子化间苯二酚与醛类化合物通过三维反应（具有自终止特性），并在撤去电压后自发释放。

该膜初始杨氏模量为8.9吉帕，表现出刚性特征；润湿后可逆恢复柔性（0.5吉帕），适合作为大面积分离膜使用。通过形状保持性碳化工艺，可进一步获得超薄（约22纳米）纳米多孔碳膜。

▲ Abstract：

Electrochemical polymer synthesis usually forms dense films bound to the electrode. We report a single-step synthesis of large-area, ultrathin (~70-nanometer) polymeric membranes with a luffa-like, reticular cross-linked network with low density (0.5 grams per cubic centimeter). This particular membrane forms within an electric double layer in water constructed by voltage application without supporting electrolytes—in which deprotonated resorcinol and an aldehyde react three-dimensionally with a self-termination mechanism—and is spontaneously released when the voltage bias is removed. Initially rigid with a Young’s modulus of 8.9 gigapascals, this membrane reversibly regains flexibility (0.5 gigapascals) upon wetting and can be used as a large-area membrane for separations. Its shape-persistent carbonization made it possible to yield ultrathin (~22-nanometer) nanoporous carbon membranes.

古人类学Paleoanthropology

300,000-year-old wooden tools from Gantangqing, southwest China

中国西南甘棠菁遗址出土30万年前木制工具

▲ 作者：Jian-Hui Liu, Qi-Jun Ruan et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr8540

▲摘要：

早更新世和中更新世木质工具的实物证据极为罕见，此前仅在非洲和欧亚大陆西部有所发现。

该研究报道了中国西南地区甘棠菁遗址出土的一组35件木质工具，这些工具与石器、鹿角软锤（加工用锤）以及带有切割痕迹的动物骨骼共同被发现，经测定年代为距今约36.1万至25万年（95%置信区间）。

该木质工具组合包含挖掘棒和小型完整的手持尖状工具等类型。其中多件工具的精制程度，改变了学界对东亚旧石器时代早期石器组合'原始'性质的认知。这一发现表明，木质工具可能在中更新世东亚古人类的生存适应中发挥了重要作用。

▲ Abstract：

Evidence of Early and Middle Pleistocene wooden implements is exceptionally rare, and existing evidence has been found only in Africa and western Eurasia. We report an assemblage of 35 wooden implements from the site of Gantangqing in southwestern China, which was found associated with stone tools, antler billets (soft hammers), and cut-marked bones and is dated from ~361,000 to ~250,000 years at a 95% confidence interval. The wooden implements include digging sticks and small, complete, hand-held pointed tools. The sophistication of many of these tools offsets the seemingly “primitive” aspects of stone tool assemblages in the East Asian Early Paleolithic. This discovery suggests that wooden implements might have played an important role in hominin survival and adaptation in Middle Pleistocene East Asia.