编译|冯维维

 Nature, 5 June 2025,Volume 642,Issue 8066

《自然》，2025年6月5日，第642卷，8066期

物理学Physics

Unexpected clustering pattern in dwarf galaxies challenges formation models

矮星系中意外的群集模式挑战形成模型

▲ 作者：Ziwen Zhang, Yangyao Chen, Yu Rong, Huiyuan Wang, Houjun Mo, Xiong Luo & Hao Li 

▲链接：

 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08965-5 

▲摘要：星系相关函数是研究宇宙学、星系形成和暗物质性质的基本工具。众所周知，更大质量、更红、更致密的星系往往在空间中有更强的星团。

这些结果可以从不同质量的冷暗物质（CDM）晕的星系形成和聚集历史的角度来理解。研究者报告了孤立的、弥散的和蓝矮星系的一个意想不到的强大的大规模集群，与大质量星系群的集群相当，但比从它们的晕质量中预期的要强得多。 

分析表明，只有在年龄更大的低质量光晕中形成更多的弥散矮星时，强星团才符合标准ΛCDM宇宙学模拟中看到的光晕聚集偏差。 

在ΛCDM框架下，现有的星系演化模型无法再现这种模式，该发现为寻找更可行的模型提供了线索。研究结果可通过假设自相互作用的暗物质来很好地解释，这表明这种情况应该被认真考虑。 

 ▲ Abstract： 

The galaxy correlation function serves as a fundamental tool for studying cosmology, galaxy formation and the nature of dark matter. It is well established that more massive, redder and more compact galaxies tend to have stronger clustering in space. These results can be understood in terms of galaxy formation in cold dark matter (CDM) halos of different mass and assembly history. Here we report an unexpectedly strong large-scale clustering for isolated, diffuse and blue dwarf galaxies, comparable to that seen for massive galaxy groups but much stronger than that expected from their halo mass. Our analysis indicates that the strong clustering aligns with the halo assembly bias seen in simulations3 with the standard ΛCDM cosmology only if more diffuse dwarfs formed in low-mass halos of older ages. This pattern is not reproduced by existing models of galaxy evolution in a ΛCDM framework, and our finding provides clues for the search of more viable models. Our results can be explained well by assuming self-interacting dark matter, suggesting that such a scenario should be considered seriously.    

Observing anyonization of bosons in a quantum gas

观察量子气体中玻色子的任意化

▲ 作者：Sudipta Dhar, Botao Wang, Milena Horvath, Amit Vashisht, Yi Zeng, Mikhail B. Zvonarev, Nathan Goldman, Yanliang Guo, Manuele Landini & Hanns-Christoph N?gerl 

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09016-9 

▲摘要：任意子是服从分数统计的低维准粒子，因此可以在玻色子和费米子之间插入。在二维中，它们以分数量子霍尔态的基本激发形式存在，被认为可以实现拓扑量子计算。

一维任意子已经在理论上被提出，但它们的实验实现已被证明是困难的。研究者观察到一维强相互作用量子气体中由于自旋-电荷分离现象而出现的任意子相关。

移动杂质提供了必要的自旋自由度来设计电荷扇区中的任意子相关性，同时充当探针来揭示这些相关性。

从玻色子开始，他们调整统计相位，将玻色子从任意子转化为费米子，并观察到非对称动量分布，这是任意子相关性的标志。

在超出平衡条件下，他们观察到任意子的动态费米化。研究为探索高度可控环境下的非平衡态任意子现象打开了大门。

 ▲ Abstract： 

Anyons are low-dimensional quasiparticles that obey fractional statistics, hence interpolating between bosons and fermions. In two dimensions, they exist as elementary excitations of fractional quantum Hall states and are believed to enable topological quantum computing. One-dimensional anyons have been theoretically proposed, but their experimental realization has proven to be difficult. Here we observed emergent anyonic correlations in a one-dimensional strongly interacting quantum gas, resulting from the phenomenon of spin–charge separation. A mobile impurity provides the necessary spin degree of freedom to engineer anyonic correlations in the charge sector and simultaneously acts as a probe to reveal these correlations. Starting with bosons, we tune the statistical phase to transmute bosons through anyons to fermions and observe an asymmetric momentum distribution, a hallmark of anyonic correlations. Going beyond equilibrium conditions, we observed dynamical fermionization of the anyons. This study opens the door to the exploration of non-equilibrium anyonic phenomena in a highly controllable setting.    

 化学Chemistry   

C-to-N atom swapping and skeletal editing in indoles and benzofurans

吲哚和苯并呋喃的碳氮原子交换和骨架编辑

▲ 作者：Zhe Wang, Pengwei Xu, Shu-Min Guo, Constantin G. Daniliuc & Armido Studer 

▲链接：

 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09019-6 

▲摘要：骨架编辑包括化合物的结构重组。这种编辑可以通过原子交换、原子插入、原子删除或化合物主链结构的重组来实现。在药物开发活动的后期进行，骨架编辑使现有药效团多样化，提高药物开发的效率。

与传统的从基本构建块构建杂芳烃不同，从先导化合物或经批准的药效团开始，结构变体很容易直接获得。

研究者在吲哚的C2位置上，通过氧化裂解吲哚杂芳烃核心和随后的环闭合，将C原子交换到N原子，得到吲哚。反应通过开环肟作为中间体进行。这些环解构的中间体也可以被转移到苯并咪唑中，导致整体的C到N原子交换并伴随骨骼重组。

同样的结构转移策略同样适用于苯并呋喃，导致苯并异恶唑或苯并恶唑。通过这些方法获得的化合物类别-吲哚、苯并异恶唑、苯并咪唑和苯并恶唑-是在天然产物和药物中作为亚结构发现的具有生物学相关性的部分。这一程序扩大了骨骼编辑这一新兴领域的方法组合。

 ▲ Abstract：

Skeletal editing comprises the structural reorganization of compounds. Such editing can be achieved through atom swapping, atom insertion, atom deletion or reorganization of the compound’s backbone structure. Conducted at a late stage in drug development campaigns, skeletal editing enables diversification of an existing pharmacophore, enhancing the efficiency of drug development. Instead of constructing a heteroarene classically from basic building blocks, structural variants are readily accessible directly starting from a lead compound or approved pharmacophore. Here we present C to N atom swapping in indoles at the C2 position to give indazoles through oxidative cleavage of the indole heteroarene core and subsequent ring closure. Reactions proceed through ring-opened oximes as intermediates. These ring deconstructed intermediates can also be diverted into benzimidazoles resulting in an overall C to N atom swapping with concomitant skeletal reorganization. The same structural diverting strategies are equally well applicable to benzofurans leading to either benzisoxazoles or benzoxazoles. The compound classes obtained through these methods—indazoles, benzisoxazoles, benzimidazoles and benzoxazoles—are biologically relevant moieties found as substructures in natural products and pharmaceuticals. The procedures introduced substantially enlarge the methods portfolio in the emerging field of skeletal editing.    

Dating the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis using La-Ce geochronology

测量含氧光合作用演化的年代

▲ 作者：Laureline A. Patry, Pierre Bonnand, Maud Boyet, Munira Afroz, Dylan T. Wilmeth, Brittany Ramsay, Philippe Nonnotte, Martin Homann, Pierre Sansjofre, Philip W. Fralick & Stefan V. Lalonde 

▲链接：

 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09009-8 

▲ 摘要： 关于氧气光合作用是什么时候在地球上进化的，一直存在争论。来自古沉积物的地球化学数据表明，在大氧化事件（GOE）之前，大约25亿~ 23亿年前，局部或短暂的光合作用产生氧气，目前认为起源于太古代，大约3亿年前或更早。 

然而，早期地球的沉积记录往往存在保存问题，并且对氧化时间的控制不力，使得古代氧气存在的地球化学代理数据受到批判。

研究者报道了加拿大上克拉通西北绿岩带中保存的三个太古宙碳酸盐岩台地的稀土元素数据，这些台地是由海洋光合细菌在2.87亿年、2.85亿年和2.78亿年的作用下沉积的。三种情况都表明，在GOE之前，铈（Ce）以显著消耗的形式产生，反映了古代海水中氧化铈的去除，就像今天发生的那样。 

利用138La-138Ce年代学，研究者发现La/Ce分馏和Ce氧化发生在沉积时期，使这些Ce异常成为最古老的直接测年Ce异常。 

这些结果将含氧光合作用的起源置于中古宙或更早，并为长期以来关于地球生物和地球化学演化的争论带来了重要的新视角。

 ▲ Abstract： 

There is ongoing debate as to when oxygenic photosynthesis evolved on Earth. Geochemical data from ancient sediments indicate localized or ephemeral photosynthetic O₂ production before the Great Oxidation Event (GOE) approximately 2.5–2.3 billion years ago (Ga), and currently suggest Archaean origins, approximately 3?Ga or earlier. However, sedimentary records of the early Earth often suffer from preservation issues, and poor control on the timing of oxidation leaves geochemical proxy data for the ancient presence of O₂ open to critique. Here, we report rare Earth element data from three different Archaean carbonate platforms preserved in greenstone belts of the northwest Superior Craton (Canada), which were deposited by the activity of marine photosynthetic bacteria 2.87?Ga, 2.85?Ga and 2.78?Ga. All three indicate O₂ production before the GOE in the form of significant depletions in cerium (Ce), reflecting oxidative Ce removal from ancient seawater, as occurs today. Using 138La-138Ce geochronology, we show that La/Ce fractionation, and thus Ce oxidation, occurred at the time of deposition, making these the oldest directly dated Ce anomalies. These results place the origin of oxygenic photosynthesis in the Mesoarchaean or earlier and bring an important new perspective on a long-standing debate regarding Earth’s biological and geochemical evolution.    

 生态Ecology

Long-term impact and biological recovery in a deep-sea mining track

深海采矿的长期影响和生物恢复

▲ 作者：Daniel O. B. Jones, Maria Belen Arias, Lo?c Van Audenhaege, Sabena Blackbird, Corie Boolukos, Guadalupe Bribiesca-Contreras, Jonathan T. Copley, Andrew Dale, Susan Evans, Bethany F. M. Fleming, Andrew R. Gates, Hannah Grant, Mark G. J. Hartl, Veerle A. I. Huvenne, Rachel M. Jeffreys, Pierre Josso, Lucas D. King, Erik Simon-Lledó, Tim Le Bas, Louisa Norman, Bryan O’Malley, Thomas Peacock, Tracy Shimmield, Eva C. D. Stewart, Adrian G. Glover

▲链接：

 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08921-3 

▲摘要：深海多金属结核采矿目前正处于勘探阶段，一些集团提议在几年内进行开采。该行业的管理需要深海生态系统长期影响的证据，但海底生态系统从十年尺度的影响中恢复的能力却知之甚少。

研究表明，在一次去除结核的测试采矿实验40年后，许多生物群体的生物影响是持续的，尽管海底持续发生物理变化，但一些生物种群，包括沉积物大型动物，流动沉积物捕食者，甚至大型无根动物，已经开始重建。

研究者还发现，受小规模试验羽流影响的地区在44年后的残留沉积影响有限，其中一些生物组合的丰度与对照地区相似。尽管与此测试采矿实验相比，现代收集器设计的某些方面可能会减少物理影响，但研究结果表明，深海采矿影响将持续至少十年时间。在直接受干扰的地区，尽管有一些重新定居，社区仍将发生变化。在研究中看到的长期影响为有效管理采矿活动提供了关键数据，包括尽量减少直接影响和划出一个有效的保护区网络。

 ▲ Abstract： 

Deep-sea polymetallic nodule mining is in the exploration phase at present with some groups proposing a move towards extraction within years. Management of this industry requires evidence of the long-term effects on deep-sea ecosystems, but the ability of seafloor ecosystems to recover from impacts over decadal scales is poorly understood. Here we show that, four decades after a test mining experiment that removed nodules, the biological impacts in many groups of organisms are persistent, although populations of several organisms, including sediment macrofauna, mobile deposit feeders and even large-sized sessile fauna, have begun to re-establish despite persistent physical changes at the seafloor. We also reveal that areas affected by plumes from this small-scale test have limited detectable residual sedimentation impacts with some biological assemblages similar in abundance compared to control areas after 44?years. Although some aspects of the modern collector design may cause reduced physical impact compared to this test mining experiment, our results show that mining impacts in the abyssal ocean will be persistent over at least decadal timeframes and communities will remain altered in directly disturbed areas, despite some recolonization. The long-term effects seen in our study provide critical data for effective management of mining activities, if they occur, including minimizing direct impacts and setting aside an effective network of protected areas.    

Old carbon routed from land to the atmosphere by global river systems

“旧碳”可通过全球河流系统从陆地输送到大气中

▲ 作者：Joshua F. Dean, Gemma Coxon, Yanchen Zheng, Jack Bishop, Mark H. Garnett, David Bastviken, Valier Galy, Robert G. M. Spencer, Suzanne E. Tank, Edward T. Tipper, Jorien E. Vonk, Marcus B. Wallin, Liwei Zhang, Chris D. Evans & Robert G. Hilton 

▲链接：

 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09023-w#Sec1 

 ▲ 摘要： 河流和溪流是全球碳循环的重要途径，从其水面向大气释放二氧化碳（CO₂）和甲烷（CH₄）。到目前为止，从河流排放的二氧化碳和甲烷被认为主要来自最近（近十年）的生物质生产，因此是生态系统呼吸的一部分。 

 研究者将新的和已发表的测量结果结合起来，创建了一个关于河流溶解无机碳（DIC）、CO₂和CH4放射性碳含量的全球数据库。该数据库的同位素质量平衡表明，全球河流CO₂排放的59%（±17）来自千年前或更早的“旧碳”，其释放与河流流域岩性和生物群系有关。 

这种以前未被认识到的从长期土壤、沉积物和地质碳储存中通过横向水文路径向大气释放的旧的、工业化前的碳，每年相当于1.2±0.3兆吨，其量级与陆地生态系统净交换相似。这种通量的一个后果是，陆地上老化的有机物质储存造成的碳净损失大于预期。这需要重新评估人为碳在陆地系统和全球碳循环预算和模式中的命运。    

▲ Abstract： 

Rivers and streams are an important pathway in the global carbon cycle, releasing carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) from their water surfaces to the atmosphere. Until now, CO₂ and CH4 emitted from rivers were thought to be predominantly derived from recent (sub-decadal) biomass production and, thus, part of ecosystem respiration. Here we combine new and published measurements to create a global database of the radiocarbon content of river dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), CO₂ and CH4. Isotopic mass balance of our database suggests that 59?±?17% of global river CO₂ emissions are derived from old carbon (millennial or older), the release of which is linked to river catchment lithology and biome. This previously unrecognized release of old, pre-industrial-aged carbon to the atmosphere from long-term soil, sediment and geologic carbon stores through lateral hydrological routing equates to 1.2?±?0.3?Pg?C?year?1, similar in magnitude to terrestrial net ecosystem exchange. A consequence of this flux is a greater than expected net loss of carbon from aged organic matter stores on land. This requires a reassessment of the fate of anthropogenic carbon in terrestrial systems and in global carbon cycle budgets and models.