编译|冯维维

Science, 21 MAR 2025, VOLUME 387, ISSUE 6740

《科学》,2025年3月21日，第387卷，6740期

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生命科学Life Science

Hippocampal encoding of memories in human infants

人类婴儿的海马记忆编码

▲ 作者：TRISTAN S. YATES, JARED FEL, DAWOON CHOI, JULIANA E. TRACH, LILLIAN BEHM, CAMERON T. ELLIS, AND NICHOLAS B. TURK-BROWNE

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adt7570

▲摘要：

人类缺乏对生命最初几年特定事件的记忆。研究者通过功能性磁共振成像扫描醒着的婴儿在执行后续记忆任务时的大脑，来研究这种婴儿健忘症的机制基础。在观看以前未见过的照片时，海马体的更大活动与1岁左右开始的基于记忆的观看行为有关，这表明对个人记忆进行编码的能力在婴儿期就开始了。

在人类生命的一段时间里，情景记忆的编码机制的可用性后来从我们的自传体记录中消失，这意味着后编码机制，即婴儿时期的记忆变得无法检索，可能对婴儿健忘症更有责任。

▲ Abstract：

Humans lack memories for specific events from the first few years of life. We investigated the mechanistic basis of this infantile amnesia by scanning the brains of awake infants with functional magnetic resonance imaging while they performed a subsequent memory task. Greater activity in the hippocampus during the viewing of previously unseen photographs was related to later memory-based looking behavior beginning around 1 year of age, suggesting that the capacity to encode individual memories comes online during infancy. The availability of encoding mechanisms for episodic memory during a period of human life that is later lost from our autobiographical record implies that postencoding mechanisms, whereby memories from infancy become inaccessible for retrieval, may be more responsible for infantile amnesia.

Cognitive perception of circulating oxygen in seals is the reason they don’t drown

海豹对循环氧气的认知感知让它们不会溺水

▲ 作者：J. CHRIS MCKNIGHT , EVA-MARIA B?NNELYCKE, STEVE BALFOUR, RYAN MILNE, SIMON E. W. MOSS, HOLLY C. ARMSTRONG, CAITLIN DOWNIE, AILSA J. HALL, AND JOANNA L. KERSHAW

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq4921

▲摘要：

海洋哺乳动物在潜水时依靠维持足够的血氧水平来防止溺水。一般来说，哺乳动物对氧气的认知是难以察觉的，相反，它们会将二氧化碳的上升视为低氧的代表。然而，对潜水哺乳动物来说，感知不到氧气是有风险的。研究者认为，任何基于对氧气的直接感知而改变潜水的能力都应该是经过强烈选择的。

研究者将潜水海豹暴露在吸入的混合气体中，实验改变了这些混合气体，以影响氧气和二氧化碳的循环水平。潜水时间与循环氧气水平呈正相关，但不受二氧化碳水平和pH值的影响。这些结果表明，海豹确实在认知上感知循环氧气，并利用它来改变潜水行为。

▲ Abstract：

Marine mammals rely on maintaining sufficient blood oxygen levels while diving to prevent drowning. Generally, oxygen is cognitively imperceptible to mammals that instead sense rising carbon dioxide as a proxy for low oxygen. Not perceiving oxygen, however, is risky for diving mammals. We argue that any ability to alter dives based upon direct perception of oxygen should have been strongly selected for. We exposed diving seals to inhaled gas mixes that were experimentally altered to affect circulating levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Dive duration was positively correlated with circulating oxygen levels but unaffected by carbon dioxide levels and pH. These results suggest that seals do cognitively perceive circulating oxygen and use this to alter dive behavior.

物理学Physics

Error-detected quantum operations with neutral atoms mediated by an optical cavity

由光学腔介导的中性原子的误差检测量子操作

▲ 作者：BRANDON GRINKEMEYER, ELMER GUARDADO-SANCHEZ, IVANA DIMITROVA, DANILO SHCHEPANOVICH, G. EIRINI MANDOPOULOU, JOHANNES BORREGAARD, VLADAN VULETIC, AND MIKHAIL D. LUKIN

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr7075

▲摘要：

被困在光镊中的可编程原子阵列已经成为量子信息处理和量子模拟的领先平台。目前正在努力将这些模块化系统集成到量子网络中，使用光接口来增强远程纠缠的产生。

研究者通过将困在光镊中的原子耦合到高质量的Fabry-Perot光纤腔中，提出了一种用于原子阵列的微尺度光学接口。快速、量子、无损读出和具有错误检测的腔介导纠缠生成的演示对于开发用于模块化量子计算平台的光子接口将具有重要意义。

▲ Abstract：

Programmable arrays of atoms trapped in optical tweezers have emerged as a leading platform for quantum information processing and quantum simulation. Efforts are underway to integrate these modular systems into quantum networks using an optical interface to enhance remote entanglement generation. Grinkemeyer et al. present a microscale optical interface for atom arrays by coupling atoms trapped in optical tweezers to a high-quality Fabry-Perot fiber cavity. The demonstration of fast, quantum, nondestructive readout and cavity-mediated entanglement generation with error detection will be important for developing photonic interfaces for modular quantum computation platforms.

Homochiral carbon nanotube van der Waals crystals

同手性碳纳米管范德华晶体

▲ 作者：ZHICHUN ZHANG, YI CHEN, PEIYUE SHEN, JIAJUN CHEN , SEN WANG, BO WANG, SAIQUN MA, BOSAI LYU, XIANLIANG ZHOU, AND ZHIWEN SHI

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adu1756

▲摘要：

在六方氮化硼上生长单壁碳纳米管晶体二维阵列，实现高性能场效应晶体管。研究者证明，纳米管之间的范德华相互作用驱动了它们的排列，并在低摩擦表面上产生了均匀的管间距。

场效应晶体管的载流子迁移率高达每伏特每秒2000平方厘米，开/关比高于107。

▲ Abstract：

Growing crystalline, two-dimensional arrays of single-walled carbon nanotubes on hexagonal boron nitride enables high-performance field-effect transistors. Zhang et al. have shown that van der Waals interactions between the nanotubes drive their alignment and create a uniform intertube spacing on the low-friction surface. Field-effect transistors showed high carrier mobilities up to 2000 square centimeters per volt per second and on/off ratios higher than 107.

理论生态学Theoretical Ecology

Unifying spatial scaling laws of biodiversity and ecosystem stability

统一生物多样性与生态系统稳定性的空间尺度规律

▲ 作者：MAOWEI LIANG, QI YANG, JONATHAN M. CHASE, FOREST ISBELL, MICHEL LOREAU, BERNHARD SCHMID, ERIC W. SEABLOOM, DAVID TILMAN, AND SHAOPENG WANG

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adl2373

▲摘要：

生物多样性与生态系统时间稳定性之间的正相关关系在小空间尺度上已经得到理论和实证研究的证实。然而，这些见解是否以及如何推广到更广泛的空间尺度——生态系统管理在其中的典型应用——仍然是难以捉摸的。物种丰富度和生态系统稳定性均随面积增加而增加，分别用物种—面积关系和生态系统稳定性—面积关系来描述。

整合这些空间尺度模式使我们能够从小范围到大范围地衡量生物多样性—稳定性关系，并预测生物多样性和生态系统稳定性如何响应栖息地丧失和人为环境变化。

▲ Abstract：

The positive relationship between biodiversity, measured as species richness, and the temporal stability of ecosystems is well-established in theory and empirical work at small spatial scales. However, whether and how these insights can be generalized to broader spatial scales—in which ecosystem management is typically applied—remains elusive. Both species richness and ecosystem stability increase with area, described by species area relationships (SAR) and ecosystem stability area relationships (EStAR), respectively. Integrating these spatial scaling patterns allows us to scale biodiversity–stability relationships from small to large areas and to predict how biodiversity and ecosystem stability respond to habitat loss and anthropogenic environmental changes.

Macroecological rules predict how biomass scales with species richness in nature

宏观生态规律预测了自然界中生物量与物种丰富度的关系

▲ 作者：ALEX L. PIGOT, LAURA E. DEE, ANTHONY J. RICHARDSON, DECLAN L. M. COOPER, NICO EISENHAUER, RICHARD D. GREGORY, SIMON L. LEWIS, CALLUM J. MACGREGOR, DARIO MASSIMINO, AND BART HAEGEMAN

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq3278

▲摘要：

尽管在理论和实验方面取得了进展，但生物多样性如何影响自然生态系统的结构和功能仍然存在争议。通过将新理论应用于84695种植物、动物和原生生物组合的数据，我们表明物种丰富度对生物量储量的总体积极影响，以及这种影响的强度和标志的变化，可以通过一个基本的宏观生态量来预测：物种丰富度与体重的标度。

当大体物种数量稀少时，直立生物量随丰富度增加，但当物种大小和丰度不耦合时，直立生物量与丰富度无关。这些结果提示了生态群落结构的一个新的基本规律，并表明物种丰富度变化对生物量的影响是可预测的。

▲ Abstract：

Despite advances in theory and experiments, how biodiversity influences the structure and functioning of natural ecosystems remains debated. By applying new theory to data on 84,695 plant, animal, and protist assemblages, we show that the general positive effect of species richness on stocks of biomass, as well as much of the variation in the strength and sign of this effect, is predicted by a fundamental macroecological quantity: the scaling of species abundance with body mass. Standing biomass increases with richness when large-bodied species are numerically rare but is independent of richness when species size and abundance are uncoupled. These results suggest a new fundamental law in the structure of ecological communities and show that the impacts of changes in species richness on biomass are predictable.