编译 | 李言

Science, 14 AUG 2025, VOL 389, ISSUE 6761

《科学》2025年8月14日，第389卷，6761期

物理学Physics

Observation of many-body dynamical localizationighl

多体动力学局域化的实验观测

▲ 作者：Yanliang Guo, Sudipta Dhar et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adn8625

▲摘要：

量子踢转子模型是量子物理中的一个典范模型系统。作为受驱量子系统，它展现出动力学局域化特征，特别是动量空间中的安德森局域化。然而，相互作用的量子多体踢转子被认为会破坏局域化。

研究者通过实验观测到Lieb-Liniger型多体量子踢转子中的多体动力学局域化现象。在一维几何中，经过数百次正弦脉冲势场驱动的相互作用量子简并玻色原子，其动量分布在初始演化后停止扩散。这一结果为理解经典混沌世界与量子物理领域之间的边界提供了新见解。

▲ Abstract：

The quantum kicked rotor is a paradigmatic model system in quantum physics. As a driven quantum system, it features dynamical localization, specifically Anderson localization in momentum space. However, the interacting many-body kicked rotor is believed to break localization. Here, we present evidence for many-body dynamical localization for the Lieb-Liniger version of the many-body quantum kicked rotor. After some initial evolution, the momentum distribution of interacting quantum-degenerate bosonic atoms in one-dimensional geometry, kicked hundreds of times by means of a pulsed sinusoidal potential, stops spreading. Our results shed light on the boundary between the classical, chaotic world and the realm of quantum physics.

生物学Biology

Early germline sequestration in a basidiomycete fungusighl

担子菌早期生殖细胞隔离机制

▲ 作者：Markus Hiltunen, Boel Olsson  et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adu8580

▲摘要：

在有性生殖生物中，新突变的遗传高度依赖于生殖细胞确立的时机。研究者利用形成仙女圈的硬柄小皮伞（Marasmius oreades）真菌，对真菌界生殖细胞晚期分离的普遍假设提出了挑战。

通过为期7年采集仙女圈不同部位的蘑菇样本，并采用全基因组测序鉴定不同组织中的新发突变，研究发现可育组织（产孢组织）与不育组织积累了不同的突变谱，表明该物种中用于孢子生产的生殖细胞在菌丝体阶段即已确立。

此外，生殖细胞携带的突变数量少于不育组织，表明其突变率更低。这些发现提示，早期生殖细胞隔离现象在多细胞生物中的普遍性可能远超既往认知。

▲ Abstract：

In sexual organisms, inheritance of new mutations is highly dependent on the timing of germline definition. Here, we used the fairy ring–forming fungus Marasmius oreades to challenge the general assumption of a late germline separation in the Fungi. We collected mushrooms from different parts of rings over a 7-year period and identified new mutations in different tissues by whole-genome sequencing. We found evidence that fertile and sterile tissues had accumulated different mutations, suggesting that the germ line, destined for spore production, is already defined in the mycelium in this species. Moreover, the germ line carried fewer mutations than sterile tissues, indicating a lower mutation rate. Our findings suggest that early germline sequestration is more widespread than previously considered across multicellular life.

材料科学Material Sciences

Diffraction of helium and hydrogen atoms through single-layer graphene

氦和氢原子通过单层石墨烯的衍射

▲ 作者：Carina Kanitz, Jakob Bühler et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adx5679

▲摘要：

原子在材料表面的衍射为研究结构、相互作用及动力学过程提供了精细的观测手段。然而，该方法目前仅局限于反射模式下的测量——此前仅亚原子粒子能实现穿透材料的衍射，而原子穿透衍射始终是一项挑战。

研究展示了千电子伏特量级动能的氦原子与氢原子在垂直入射条件下穿透单层石墨烯的衍射现象。尽管这些原子具有高动能且与石墨烯电子系统发生耦合，研究者仍观测到了相干散射现象。

这种相干性的保持源于飞秒尺度的超短相互作用时间，使得投射原子与晶格之间的动量传递极为有限。

▲ Abstract：

Diffraction of atoms from surfaces provides detailed insights into structures, interactions, and dynamical processes. However, the method is currently limited to measurements in reflection—diffraction through materials has only been demonstrated for subatomic particles and is an outstanding challenge for atoms. In this work, we diffract helium and hydrogen atoms at kilo–electron volt energies through single-layer graphene at normal incidence. Despite the atoms’ high kinetic energy as well as coupling to the electronic system of graphene, we observe coherent scattering. This preservation of coherence was the result of the limited momentum transfer between the projectile and the lattice, resulting from interaction times on the femtosecond scale.

人工智能Artificial Intelligence

Predicting fusion ignition at the National Ignition Facility with physics-informed deep learning

深度学习预测国家点火装置的聚变点火

▲ 作者：Brian K. Spears, Scott Brandon et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adm8201

▲摘要：

美国国家点火装置（NIF）近期开展的惯性约束聚变实验成功实现点火，其产生的聚变能量超过了驱动实验的激光能量。

在该实验实施前，一种融合辐射流体动力学模拟、深度学习、实验数据与贝叶斯统计的生成式机器学习模型，以超过70%的预测概率成功预判了本次实验最可能达成点火的结果。

▲ Abstract：

An inertial confinement fusion experiment, carried out at the National Ignition Facility, has achieved ignition by generating fusion energy exceeding the laser energy that drove the experiment. Prior to the experiment, a generative machine learning model that combines radiation hydrodynamics simulations, deep learning, experimental data, and Bayesian statistics was used to predict, with a probability greater than 70%, that ignition was the most likely outcome for this shot.

化学Chemistry

Artificial farnesol epoxidase enables a concise synthesis of meroterpenoids

人工法尼醇环氧化酶实现萜类化合物的简洁合成

▲ 作者：Jinxin Wang, Yunpeng Yin et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adt2096

▲摘要：

研究成功开发了针对法尼醇分子首尾双键的高效不对称环氧化反应体系，显著促进了萜类天然产物的合成。

然而，由于法尼醇分子中相对惰性的内部烯烃一直缺乏直接不对称环氧化的有效方法，这成为制约众多萜类化合物合成的关键瓶颈。

该研究通过定向酶工程技术，构建了一种能够以高区域选择性和对映选择性特异性催化法尼醇内部烯烃环氧化反应的新型环氧化酶。该环氧化中间体的应用，成功简化了多种萜类化合物的合成路线，在多数案例中使总合成步骤减少超50%。

▲ Abstract：

Efficient asymmetric epoxidation reactions have been developed for both the head end and tail end double bonds of farnesol, greatly facilitating the synthesis of terpenoid natural products. However, the lack of methods for direct asymmetric epoxidation of the relatively inert internal alkene of farnesol has posed major challenges in the synthesis of many terpenoids. In this study, we describe the engineering of an epoxidase capable of selectively epoxidizing the internal alkene of farnesol with high regioselectivity and enantioselectivity. The resulting epoxidized intermediate has been successfully applied to simplify the synthesis of a variety of meroterpenoids, reducing the total number of synthetic steps by more than half in most cases.