编译|未玖

Science, 17 JUL 2025, VOL 389, ISSUE 6757

《科学》2025年7月17日，第389卷，6757期

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材料科学Materials Science

Dome-celled aerogels with ultrahigh-temperature superelasticity over 2273 K

2273K以上超高温超弹性圆顶晶胞气凝胶

▲ 作者：KAI PANG, YUXING XIA, XIAOTING LIU, WENHAO TONG, XIAOTONG LI, CHENYANG LI, ET AL.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adw5777

▲摘要：

气凝胶以其高孔隙率和极低密度而闻名，可由一系列材料制成，但在极端热机械条件下的应用受限于结构不稳定性。

研究组报道了194种圆顶晶胞超轻气凝胶，通过二维通道限域化学策略实现了从4.2K至2273K极宽温度范围内的优异弹性。这种气凝胶在99%应变下2万次循环后仍表现出超弹性，在2273K高温下100次循环后表现出抗热震性。

这种高熵碳化物气凝胶在1273 K和2273 K下的导热系数分别为53.4 mW·m^?1·K^?1和171.1 mW·m^?1·K^?1。温度不变弹性和化学多样性的结合使得这种气凝胶在从隔热工业到深空探索等极端热机械应用中极具前景。

▲ Abstract：

Aerogels are known for their high porosity and very low density and can be made from a range of materials, but are limited by structural instability under extreme thermomechanical conditions. We report on 194 types of dome-celled ultralight aerogels that maintain superior elasticity spanning from 4.2 kelvin (K) to 2273 K, realized by a two-dimensional channel–confined chemistry method. Such aerogels exhibit superelasticity under 99% strain for 20,000 cycles and thermal shock resistance at 2273 K over 100 cycles. The high-entropy carbide aerogel achieves a thermal conductivity of 53.4 mW·m^?1·K^?1 at 1273 K and 171.1 mW·m^?1·K^?1 at 2273 K. The combination of temperature-invariant elasticity and chemical diversity makes such aerogels highly promising for extreme thermomechanics, from heat-insulated industries to deep space exploration.

Two-dimensional indium selenide wafers for integrated electronics

二维硒化铟晶圆助力集成电子

▲ 作者：BIAO QIN, JIANFENG JIANG, LU WANG, QUANLIN GUO, CHENXI ZHANG, LIN XU, ET AL.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adu3803

▲摘要：

二维（2D）硒化铟具有低有效质量、高热速度和优异的电子迁移率，是一种有望超越硅电子的半导体，但生长薄膜尚未达到剥离微米级薄片的性能水平。

研究组报道了一种固-液-固策略，通过创建富铟液体界面并保持严格的铟硒1:1化学计量比，将非晶硒化铟薄膜转化为纯相、高结晶度的硒化铟晶圆。所得硒化铟薄膜在整个约5厘米晶圆上表现出优异的均匀性、纯相性和高结晶度。

基于该硒化铟晶圆制备的晶体管阵列表现出卓越的电子性能，超越了所有2D薄膜基器件，包括室温下极高的迁移率（平均高达287 cm²/V s）和接近玻尔兹曼极限的亚阈值摆幅（平均低至67 mV/10倍频）。

▲ Abstract：

Two-dimensional (2D) indium selenide, with its low effective mass, high thermal velocity, and exceptional electronic mobility, is a promising semiconductor for surpassing silicon electronics, but grown films have not achieved performance comparable with that of exfoliated micrometer-scale flakes. We report a solid?liquid?solid strategy that converts amorphous indium selenide films into pure-phase, high-crystallinity indium selenide wafers by creating an indium-rich liquid interface and maintaining a strict 1:1 stoichiometric ratio of indium to selenium. The as-obtained indium selenide films exhibit exceptional uniformity, a pure phase, and a high crystallinity across an entire ~5-centimeter wafer. Transistor arrays based on the produced indium selenide wafers demonstrate outstanding electronic performance surpassing that of all 2D film-based devices, including an extremely high mobility (averaging as high as 287 square centimeters per volt-second) and a near-Boltzmann-limit subthreshold swing (averaging as low as 67 millivolts per decade) at room temperature.

化学Chemistry

Skeletal editing of pyrrolidines by nitrogen-atom insertion

氮原子插入吡咯烷的骨架编辑

▲ 作者：JINGHAO LI, PENGCHENG TANG, YANG FAN AND HONGJIAN LU

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adl4755

▲摘要：

鉴于含氮杂环在生物活性分子中普遍存在，在饱和环中插入氮原子为扩大类药物化学空间提供了一种强大但尚未开发的骨架迁跃策略。

研究组提出了一种骨架编辑方法，在温和、操作简单的条件下用易于获取的O-二苯基膦酰羟胺，直接将氮原子插入吡咯烷环，将其转化为四氢哒嗪骨架。该方法具有广泛的底物适用性和官能团兼容性，能够对复杂分子进行后期编辑。

此外，对所得四氢哒嗪进行简单的氧化还原操作，可获得饱和哌哒嗪和芳香哒嗪-富氮骨架，这在药物化学中具有很高的价值，但通常难以合成。总而言之，这项工作为饱和吡咯烷的氮基骨架编辑建立了一个多功能平台，扩展了药物化学的合成工具箱。

▲ Abstract：

Given the prevalence of nitrogen-containing heterocycles in bioactive molecules, inserting a nitrogen atom into a saturated ring offers a powerful yet underdeveloped scaffold-hopping strategy for expanding drug-like chemical space. In this study, we present a skeletal editing method that directly inserts a nitrogen atom into pyrrolidine rings, converting them into tetrahydropyridazine scaffolds under mild, operationally simple conditions with readily available O-diphenylphosphinyl hydroxylamine. This method features broad substrate scope and functional group compatibility, enabling late-stage editing of complex molecules. Furthermore, simple redox manipulation of the tetrahydropyridazines grants access to saturated piperidazines and aromatic pyridazines—nitrogen-rich scaffolds that are highly valued in medicinal chemistry but typically difficult to synthesize. Overall, this work establishes a versatile platform for nitrogen-based skeletal editing of saturated pyrrolidines, expanding the synthetic toolkit for medicinal chemistry.

Bridging the pyridine-pyridazine synthesis gap by skeletal editing

通过骨架编辑弥合吡啶-哒嗪合成差距

▲ 作者：MIKUS PURI??, HIKARU NAKAHARA AND MARK D. LEVIN

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adx4762

▲摘要：

单个本构环原子不同的杂环对在制备的逆合成切断中表现出明显的差异。吡啶和哒嗪就是这种合成差异的典型范例。

吡啶（一种六元C5N环）在药物发现化学中崭露头角，其易于组装的特性促进了进一步的合成发展。尽管有诸多优异性质，哒嗪（一种类C₄N₂环）合成仍相对滞后，这一差异归因于电子不协调的杂原子排列使其通常很难制备。

在这项工作中，研究组实现了一种单原子骨架编辑策略，通过直接碳氮原子替换，从吡啶生成哒嗪：在邻位上引入叠氮基团，实现N-氨基-2-叠氮吡啶鎓阳离子的光引发重排。这种转化将两个杂环连接起来，使丰富的吡啶逆合成策略用于制备哒嗪。

▲ Abstract：

Pairs of heterocycles differing by a single constitutive ring atom can exhibit stark differences in the retrosynthetic disconnections available for their preparation. Such a synthesis gap is exemplified by pyridine and pyridazine. Pyridine (a six-membered C₅N ring) has risen to prominence in discovery chemistry, its ease of assembly spurring further synthetic development. Despite a host of favorable properties, pyridazine (an analogous C₄N₂ ring) has comparatively lagged behind—a discrepancy attributable to its often-challenging preparation, which arises from an electronically dissonant heteroatom arrangement. In this work, we achieve a single-atom skeletal edit that produces pyridazines from pyridines by direct carbon-to-nitrogen atom replacement: Azide introduction at the ortho position enables a photoinitiated rearrangement of N-amino-2-azidopyridinium cations. This transformation links the two heterocycles such that the richness of pyridine retrosynthesis becomes available to pyridazines.

地球科学Earth Science

Global earthquake detection and warning using Android phones

利用安卓手机进行全球地震探测和预警

▲ 作者：RICHARD M. ALLEN, ALEXEI BARSKI, MICAH BERMAN, ROBERT BOSCH, YOUNGMIN CHO, XIA SUMMER JIANG, ET AL.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ads4779

▲摘要：

地震预警系统越来越多地被部署为减少地震损失的一种战略，但是在许多地震易发国家并不存在其所需的区域性地震监测网络。

研究组使用全球安卓智能手机网络来开发地震探测能力、警报传递系统和用户反馈框架。在3年的运行中，该系统在土耳其每月平均探测到312次地震，震级从1.9级到7.8级不等。98个国家发布了4.5级以上地震警报，相当于每月约60次地震，发布1800万条警报。

用户反馈显示，85%收到警报的人感觉到了震动，其中分别有36%、28%和23%的人在震动前、震动中和震动后收到了警报。研究组展示了如何大规模实施基于智能手机的地震检测算法，并通过震后分析对其进行改进。

▲ Abstract：

Earthquake early-warning systems are increasingly being deployed as a strategy to reduce losses in earthquakes, but the regional seismic networks they require do not exist in many earthquake-prone countries. We use the global Android smartphone network to develop an earthquake detection capability, an alert delivery system, and a user feedback framework. Over 3 years of operation, the system detected an average of 312 earthquakes per month with magnitudes from M 1.9 to M 7.8 in Türkiye. Alerts were delivered in 98 countries for earthquakes with M ≥4.5, corresponding to ~60 events and 18 million alerts per month. User feedback shows that 85% of people receiving an alert felt shaking, and 36, 28, and 23% received the alert before, during, and after shaking, respectively. We show how smartphone-based earthquake detection algorithms can be implemented at scale and improved through postevent analysis.

医学Medicine

Vaccination to mitigate climate-driven disruptions to malaria control in Madagascar

接种疫苗以缓解气候对马达加斯加疟疾防控的干扰

▲ 作者：BENJAMIN L. RICE, ESTELLE RAOBSON, SYLVIANE MIHARISOA, MAHERY REBALIHA, JOSEPH LEWINSKI, HANITRINIAINA RAHARINIRINA, ET AL.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp5365

▲摘要：

极端天气在疟疾高负担地区很常见，且由于气候变化引发的恶劣天气事件，极端天气的严重程度可能会加剧。然而，关于这些事件后的疟疾感染率以及对疾病控制规划影响的数据仍然很少。

马达加斯加发生大型热带气旋后疟疾感染的数据表明，在极端事件发生后干预措施中断期间，感染可能会迅速反弹。相对于其他防控策略，最近可用的疟疾疫苗具有更长的保护期，有望解决防治部署中断的问题。

在评估气候背景下疫苗接种的使用情况时，研究组量化了一系列疫苗接种情景下预期减少的症状性感染病例数。

▲ Abstract：

Extreme weather is common in high malaria burden areas and is likely to increase in severity owing to climate change–related severe weather events. Yet, data on infection rates after these events and the consequences for planning disease control programs remain rare. Data on malaria infection in the wake of major tropical cyclones in Madagascar show that infection is likely to rebound rapidly during the gaps in interventions that occur after extreme events. Relative to other control options, recently available malaria vaccines have a longer duration of protection, with the potential to address interruptions in prevention and treatment deployment. Evaluating the use of vaccination in a climate context, we quantified the reduction in symptomatic infections expected for a range of vaccination scenarios.