Nature, Volume 641 Issue 8063, 15 May 2025

《自然》，第641卷，8063期，2025年5月15日

封面图。《自然》

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物理学Physics

Water ice in the debris disk around HD 181327

HD 181327周围的碎片盘中有水冰

作者：Chen Xie, Christine H. Chen, Carey M. Lisse, Dean C. Hines, Tracy Beck, Sarah K. Betti, Noemí Pinilla-Alonso, Carl Ingebretsen, Kadin Worthen, András Gáspár, Schuyler G. Wolff, Bryce T. Bolin, Laurent Pueyo, Marshall D. Perrin, John A. Stansberry & Jarron M. Leisenring

链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08920-4

摘要：

碎片盘是系外行星系统，包含行星、小天体（小行星、柯伊伯带天体、彗星等）和微米大小的碎片尘埃。水冰是最常见的冷冻挥发性物质，其在行星和小天体的形成中起着至关重要的作用。虽然在太阳系的柯伊伯带天体和彗星中普遍发现了水冰，但迄今为止还没有确凿的证据表明在碎片盘中存在水冰。

研究者使用詹姆斯韦布太空望远镜上的近红外光谱仪在HD 181327碎片盘中发现了水冰。他们检测到水冰在3μm处的固态宽吸收特征，包括3.1μm处明显的菲涅耳峰，这表明存在大的结晶水冰颗粒。水冰的梯度特征作为星心距离的函数揭示了水冰被破坏和补充的动态环境。

研究者推测，水冰的质量分数从约85au时的0.1%到约113 au时的21%不等，这表明在HD 181327盘的雪线之外，存在一个水冰储层。HD 181327中释放水冰的冰体很可能是太阳系中富含水冰的柯伊伯带天体的太阳系外对应体。

Abstract

Debris disks are exoplanetary systems that contain planets, minor bodies (asteroids, Kuiper belt objects, comets and so on) and micrometre-sized debris dust. Because water ice is the most common frozen volatile, it plays an essential role in the formation of planets and minor bodies. Although water ice has been commonly found in Kuiper belt objects and comets in the Solar System, no definitive evidence for water ice in debris disks has been obtained to date. Here we report the discovery of water ice in the HD 181327 debris disk using the near-infrared spectrograph onboard the James Webb Space Telescope. We detected the solid-state broad absorption feature of water ice at 3?μm including a distinct Fresnel peak at 3.1?μm, which is indicative of large, crystalline water-ice particles. Gradients in the water-ice feature as a function of stellocentric distance reveal a dynamic environment in which water ice is destroyed and replenished. We estimated the water-ice mass fractions as ranging from 0.1% at approximately 85?au to 21% at approximately 113?au, indicating the presence of a water-ice reservoir in the HD 181327 disk beyond the snow line. The icy bodies that release water ice in HD 181327 are probably the extra-solar counterparts of water-ice-rich Kuiper belt objects in our Solar System.

Wireless transmission of internal hazard signals in Li-ion batteries

锂离子电池内部危险信号的无线传输

作者：Jinbao Fan, Chenchen Liu, Na Li, Le Yang, Xiao-Guang Yang, Bowen Dou, Shujuan Hou, Xuning Feng, Hanqing Jiang, Hong Li, Wei-Li Song, Lei Sun, Hao-Sen Chen, Huajian Gao & Daining Fang

链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08785-7#Ack1

摘要：

大容量锂离子电池（LIB）作为电源在各种应用中发挥着关键作用，包括便携式电子产品、电动汽车（EV）和可再生能源存储系统。然而，人们越来越担心集成LIB系统的安全性，在2020年至2024年期间，有多达9486起事故的报告。为了确保商用lib的安全应用，捕获内部信号以实现早期故障诊断和预警至关重要。监测电池果冻卷结构内的非均匀温度和应变分布为实现这一目标提供了一种有希望的方法。

研究者提出了一个小型化和低功耗的系统，能够准确地感知和无线传输LIB内部的温度和应变信号，而对其性能的影响可以忽略不计。通过获取内部温度信号以及初始内部短路区域与电池电极之间的面积比，可以定量分析热熔断和热失控现象，从而评估电池热失控的强度并识别热滥用行为。这项工作为设计具有安全预警和故障定位功能的下一代智能LIB奠定了基础。

Abstract

High-capacity lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) play a critical role as power sources across diverse applications, including portable electronics, electric vehicles (EVs) and renewable-energy-storage systems1. However, there is growing concern about the safety of integrated LIB systems, with reports of up to 9,486 incidents between 2020 and 2024. To ensure the safe application of commercial LIBs, it is essential to capture internal signals that enable early failure diagnosis and warning. Monitoring non-uniform temperature and strain distributions within the jelly-roll structures of the battery provides a promising approach to achieving this goal. Here we propose a miniaturized and low-power-consumption system capable of accurate sensing and wireless transmission of internal temperature and strain signals inside LIBs, with negligible influence on its performance. The acquisition of internal temperature signals and the area ratio between initial internal-short-circuited regions and battery electrodes enables quantitative analysis of thermal fusing and thermal runaway phenomena, leading to the evaluation of the intensity of battery thermal runaway and recognition of thermal abuse behaviours. This work provides a foundation for designing next-generation smart LIBs with safety warning and failure positioning capabilities.

生命科学 Life Science

Dual neuromodulatory dynamics underlie birdsong learning

双重神经调节动力学是鸟鸣学习的基础

作者：Jiaxuan Qi, Drew C. Schreiner, Miles Martinez, John Pearson & Richard Mooney

链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08694-9

摘要：

虽然从理论上讲，响应外部强化的学习是由多巴胺信号驱动的，多巴胺信号编码了预期奖励和经验奖励之间的差异，但语言或音乐表达技能可以在没有外部强化的情况下学习。相反，自发地执行这些技能被认为是内在的强化。多巴胺信号是否同样指导这些内在强化行为的学习尚不清楚。在幼年斑胸草雀向成年导师学习的过程中，成功的歌曲复制需要专门歌唱的基底神经节区域的多巴胺信号，这是一个自发的、内在强化的过程。

研究者展示了歌曲基底神经节中的多巴胺动态忠实地跟踪了青少年歌曲表演的学习质量。此外，基底神经节中的多巴胺释放不仅受到与强化学习相关的中脑多巴胺神经元的输入驱动，还受到歌唱前运动输入的驱动，后者通过局部胆碱能信号在歌唱过程中提升多巴胺。尽管胆碱能和多巴胺能信号都是青少年歌曲学习所必需的，但只有多巴胺能跟踪歌曲表演的学习质量。因此，多巴胺动态在基底神经节编码的表现质量在自我指导，长期学习的自然行为。

Abstract

Although learning in response to extrinsic reinforcement is theorized to be driven by dopamine signals that encode the difference between expected and experienced rewards, skills that enable verbal or musical expression can be learned without extrinsic reinforcement. Instead, spontaneous execution of these skills is thought to be intrinsically reinforcing. Whether dopamine signals similarly guide learning of these intrinsically reinforced behaviours is unknown. In juvenile zebra finches learning from an adult tutor, dopamine signalling in a song-specialized basal ganglia region is required for successful song copying, a spontaneous, intrinsically reinforced process. Here we show that dopamine dynamics in the song basal ganglia faithfully track the learned quality of juvenile song performance on a rendition-by-rendition basis. Furthermore, dopamine release in the basal ganglia is driven not only by inputs from midbrain dopamine neurons classically associated with reinforcement learning but also by song premotor inputs, which act by means of local cholinergic signalling to elevate dopamine during singing. Although both cholinergic and dopaminergic signalling are necessary for juvenile song learning, only dopamine tracks the learned quality of song performance. Therefore, dopamine dynamics in the basal ganglia encode performance quality during self-directed, long-term learning of natural behaviours.

Clonal dynamics and somatic evolution of haematopoiesis in mouse

小鼠造血的克隆动力学和体细胞进化

作者：Chiraag D. Kapadia, Nicholas Williams, Kevin J. Dawson, Caroline Watson, Matthew J. Yousefzadeh, Duy Le, Kudzai Nyamondo, Sreeya Kodavali, Alex Cagan, Sarah Waldvogel, Xiaoyan Zhang, Josephine De La Fuente, Daniel Leongamornlert, Emily Mitchell, Marcus A. Florez, Krzysztof Sosnowski, Rogelio Aguilar, Alejandra Martell, Anna Guzman, David Harrison, Laura J. Niedernhofer, Katherine Y. King, Peter J. Campbell, Jamie Blundell, Jyoti Nangalia

链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08625-8

摘要：

造血干细胞终生维持血液的产生。尽管使用实验室小鼠进行了广泛的表征，但对小鼠衰老过程中造血干细胞池的克隆选择和种群动态知之甚少。研究者从年轻和年老小鼠中分离出干细胞和祖细胞，在1845个单细胞衍生的菌落中鉴定出221890个体细胞突变。小鼠的干细胞和祖细胞每年产生大约45个体细胞突变，尽管它们的机体大小和寿命有很大的不同，但这一速度仅比人类的祖细胞高大约三倍。

系统发育模式表明，干细胞和多能祖细胞池在胚胎发生期间建立，之后它们在生命中平行独立地自我更新，均匀地贡献于分化的祖细胞和外周血。干细胞库在小鼠的一生中稳定地增长到大约7万个细胞，大约每6周自我更新一次。老年小鼠没有表现出人类造血衰老所特有的克隆多样性的严重丧失。然而，在小鼠衰老的背景下，靶向测序显示了小的、扩展的克隆，这些克隆在血液学扰动后更大、数量更多，表现出与人类相似的选择景观。研究数据表明，在短寿小鼠中，血液种群动态的保守特征和与年龄相关的躯体进化的独特模式。

Abstract

Haematopoietic stem cells maintain blood production throughout life1. Although extensively characterized using the laboratory mouse, little is known about clonal selection and population dynamics of the haematopoietic stem cell pool during murine ageing. We isolated stem cells and progenitors from young and old mice, identifying 221,890 somatic mutations genome-wide in 1,845 single-cell-derived colonies. Mouse stem cells and progenitors accrue approximately 45 somatic mutations per year, a rate only approximately threefold greater than human progenitors despite the vastly different organismal sizes and lifespans. Phylogenetic patterns show that stem and multipotent progenitor cell pools are established during embryogenesis, after which they independently self-renew in parallel over life, evenly contributing to differentiated progenitors and peripheral blood. The stem cell pool grows steadily over the mouse lifespan to about 70,000 cells, self-renewing about every 6 weeks. Aged mice did not display the profound loss of clonal diversity characteristic of human haematopoietic ageing. However, targeted sequencing showed small, expanded clones in the context of murine ageing, which were larger and more numerous following haematological perturbations, exhibiting a selection landscape similar to humans. Our data illustrate both conserved features of population dynamics of blood and distinct patterns of age-associated somatic evolution in the short-lived mouse.

气候Climate

Past warm intervals inform the future South Asian summer monsoon

过去的暖期预示着未来南亚夏季风的到来

作者：Linqiang He, Tianjun Zhou & Zhun Guo

链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08956-6

摘要：

在未来，即使季风环流减弱，预计人口稠密的南亚地区的季风降雨也会增加。相比之下，过去的暖期以降雨增加和季风环流加强为特征，这对理解南亚夏季风对变暖的反应提出了挑战。研究者展示了上新世中期、末次间冰期、全新世中期和未来情景中南亚夏季风的一致变化，其特征是季风降雨总体增加，孟加拉湾季风槽状环流减弱，阿拉伯海北部季风环流增强，这是由代理记录和气候模拟的汇编所揭示的。

季风降水的增加在热力上受“富变富”模式下的大气湿度主导，在动力上受欧亚大陆西部和北非副热带陆地变暖加剧驱动的季风环流主导。温暖气候中季风动力学的一致响应调和了过去的增强与未来的减弱，增强了对未来预测的信心。在高排放情景下，基于物理的回归模式对南亚夏季风环流和降雨的进一步预测与气候模式预估结果非常吻合，空间相关系数约为0.8和0.7。这些发现强调了在古气候重建的支持下，过去的类似物在改善未来南亚夏季风预测方面的巨大潜力。

Abstract

In the future, monsoon rainfall over densely populated South Asia is expected to increase, even as monsoon circulation weakens. By contrast, past warm intervals were marked by both increased rainfall and a strengthening of monsoon circulation, posing a challenge to understanding the response of the South Asian summer monsoon to warming. Here we show consistent South Asian summer monsoon changes in the mid-Pliocene, Last Interglacial, mid-Holocene and future scenarios, characterized by an overall increase in monsoon rainfall, a weakening of the monsoon trough-like circulation over the Bay of Bengal and a strengthening of the monsoon circulation over the northern Arabian Sea, as revealed by a compilation of proxy records and climate simulations. Increased monsoon rainfall is thermodynamically dominated by atmospheric moisture following the rich-get-richer paradigm, and dynamically dominated by the monsoon circulation driven by the enhanced land warming in subtropical western Eurasia and northern Africa. The coherent response of monsoon dynamics across warm climates reconciles past strengthening with future weakening, reinforcing confidence in future projections. Further prediction of South Asian summer monsoon circulation and rainfall by physics-based regression models using past information agrees well with climate model projections, with spatial correlation coefficients of approximately 0.8 and 0.7 under the high-emissions scenario. These findings underscore the promising potential of past analogues, bolstered by palaeoclimate reconstruction, in improving future South Asian summer monsoon projections.

Trends in the seasonal amplitude of atmospheric methane

大气甲烷的季节振幅变化趋势

作者：Gang Liu, Lu Shen, Philippe Ciais, Xin Lin, Didier Hauglustaine, Xin Lan, Alexander J. Turner, Yi Xi, Yu Zhu & Shushi Peng

链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08900-8

摘要：

甲烷是一种重要的温室气体，其大气浓度自前工业化时代以来几乎增加了两倍。大气甲烷混合比随季节变化，20世纪80年代以来，季节循环幅值（SCA）在北部高纬度地区呈下降趋势，在亚热带和热带地区呈上升趋势。这些相反的SCA趋势可以帮助理解全球甲烷收支的长期变化，因为甲烷排放和汇对SCA具有相反的影响。然而，甲烷SCA的趋势尚未得到详细探讨。

研究者使用了一套大气输送模式模拟，并将观测到的甲烷季节性振幅的趋势归因于与羟基自由基（OH）反应的排放和大气汇的变化。他们发现，北部高纬度地区的下降幅度主要是由气候变暖导致的自然排放（如湿地）增加引起的，这为先前的研究提供了气候正反馈的证据。相反，副热带和热带甲烷振幅的增强主要归因于OH氧化的增强。该结果为1984年以来对流层OH浓度增加了10±1%提供了独立的证据，加上大气甲烷浓度的增加，表明大气甲烷汇增加了21±1%。

Abstract

Methane is an important greenhouse gas and its atmospheric concentration has almost tripled since pre-industrial times. Atmospheric methane mixing ratios vary seasonally, with the seasonal cycle amplitude (SCA) having decreased in northern high latitudes and increased in the subtropics and tropics since the 1980s. These opposing SCA trends can help understanding of long-term changes in the global methane budget, as methane emissions and sinks have opposing effects on the SCA. However, trends in the methane SCA have not yet been explored in detail. Here we use a suite of atmospheric transport model simulations and attribute the observed trends in the seasonal amplitude of methane to changes in emissions and the atmospheric sink from reaction with the hydroxyl radical (OH). We find that the decreasing amplitude in the northern high latitudes is mainly caused by an increase in natural emissions (such as wetlands) owing to a warmer climate, adding evidence to previous studies suggesting a positive climate feedback. In contrast, the enhanced methane amplitude in the subtropics and tropics is mainly attributed to strengthened OH oxidation. Our results provide independent evidence for an increase in tropospheric OH concentration of 10?±?1% since 1984, which together with an increasing atmospheric methane concentration suggests a 21?±?1% increase in the atmospheric methane sink.